Thursday, October 1, 2009
Georgia 'started unjustified war'
The war in Georgia last year was started by a Georgian attack that was not justified by international law, an EU-sponsored report has concluded.
However, the attack followed months of provocation, and both sides violated international law, the report said.
Russia said the report delivered an "unequivocal answer" on the question of who started the conflict.
But Georgia said the investigation proved that Russia had been preparing for war all along.
The report said about 850 people were killed in the August 2008 war, and that more than 100,000 fled their homes, about 35,000 of whom are still displaced.
The conflict erupted on 7 August 2008, as Georgia shelled the breakaway region of South Ossetia, in an attempt to regain control over it. The previous months had seen a series of clashes.
Russian forces quickly repelled the assault, and pushed further into Georgia.
The conflict lasted for five days before a ceasefire was agreed. Russia pulled back, but built up its military presence in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
'Not justifiable'
"The shelling of Tskhinvali (the South Ossetian capital) by the Georgian armed forces during the night of 7 to 8 August 2008 marked the beginning of the large-scale armed conflict in Georgia," the report says.
It adds later: "There is the question of whether [this] use of force... was justifiable under international law. It was not."
It also says Georgia's claim that there had been a large-scale Russian military incursion into South Ossetia before the outbreak of war could not be "sufficiently substantiated", though it said there was evidence of a lower-level military build-up.
The report states that while Russia's initial actions in fighting back against attacks on its personnel in South Ossetia were justified, its subsequent actions, in pushing far into Georgia proper "went far beyond the reasonable limits of defence" and was "in violation of international law".
"Furthermore, continued destruction which came after the ceasefire agreement was not justifiable by any means."
Given the European Union's relations with Russia have improved compared to a year ago, the EU may welcome the report itself, but may want to distance itself from the content, says the BBC Brussels correspondent Dominic Hughes.
EU countries said in a statement the report was not about apportioning blame, but they hoped it could "contribute toward a better understanding of the origins and the course of last year's conflict".
Russia has recognised South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent and has vowed to protect them.
However, Georgia and the vast majority of the international community still views them as part of Georgia, and the report's author said Russia's recognition "must be considered as being not valid in the context of international law, and as violations of Georgia's territorial integrity and sovereignty."
Aid agencies say a refugee crisis continues in the region, with the Russian-backed authorities in South Ossetia refusing to allow tens of thousands of ethnic Georgians back to their homes in the region.
Sunday, May 17, 2009
Karabağ, çözümü engellememeli!
Türkiye ve Ermenistan önkoşulsuz masaya oturmayı kabul etmişken araya Azerbaycan'ın girmesi, 'Karabağ işgali sona ermeden çözüm olmaz' diretmesi işi biraz zora koşuyor
Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan, Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından Türkiye’nin farklı boyutlarda ilişki kurduğu ancak Kafkasya’nın iki “düşman” ülkesi. Türkiye’nin çok farklı düzeylerde ilişki kurduğu/kurmaya çalıştığı bu iki ülke arasında derin uzlaşmazlıklar hatta düşmanlıklar söz konusu. Türkiye açısındansa Kafkaslardaki denklemin bir yanında “iki millet bir devlet şiarı” ile ifadesini bulan stratejik işbirliği ve kardeşlik ilişkisi, diğer yanında tarihin derinliklerindeki sorunlara rağmen aşılmaya çalışılan uzlaşmazlıklar ve kurulmaya çalışılan komşuluk, buluşmaya çalışan iki halk var.
Türkiye şimdi Kafkaslardaki bu “büyük oyunu”nu çözmek, bölgedeki denklemi lehine çevirmek ve bu oyunda yeni bir aktör olarak yerini almak istiyor. Ancak, bu oyun Türkiye’nin tek başına çözebileceği kadar kolay değil. Türkiye, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan arasındaki ilişki sarkacı, soykırım iddialarından Karabağ’a sınırın açılmasından enerji hatlarının güzergâhlarına kadar birbiriyle ilintili olmayan ama içiçe geçmiş sorunlar arasında gidip geliyor. Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkileri ya da yeni başlayan süreç tabii ki kendiliğinden ve her iki ülkenin naif bir buluşma/barışma talebinden kaynaklanmıyor.
Amerikan yönetiminin, geçen yıl Gürcistan’da yaşadığı hayalkırıklığı sonrası Kafkaslara farklı ülkeler üzerinden yerleşmek istemesi, Türkiye’nin bu çerçevede rotayı Ermenistan’a kırması, Obama’nın söz verdiği şekilde “soykırım”ı telaffuz etme/etmeme endişesi yaşayan Türkiye’nin Ermenistan açılımına mecbur kalması, Ermenistan’ın Rusların Gürcistan’a saldırısı METE ÇUBUKÇU (Arşivi)sonrası yeni açılımlara mecbur kalması birincil derecede önemli. Ama sadece bunlar değil tabii ki. Bölgede Ruslar olmadan adım atılamayacağı bilinir; Karabağ meselesi Rusyasız çözülemez. Bu yüzden Azerbaycan’ın Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkilerine sadece Karabağ üzerinden yaklaşması hatalı olduğu kadar Türkiye’yi de doğrudan ilgilendiren bir konu değil.
Önemli adım
Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasındaki en derin sorun, 1915’te yaşananlardan kaynaklanıyor. Ermenistan 1915’te yaşananların soykırım olarak tanınmasında ısrarcı. 1991’de bağımsızlığına kavuşan Ermenistan 1921’de imzalanan Kars Anlaşması’nı, dolayısıyla Türkiye’nin mevcut doğu sınırlarını tanımıyor. Bu yüzden iki ülkenin birbirini tanımasına rağmen o yıldan bu yana aralarında diplomatik ilişki yok. İki ülke sınırları da, Ermenilerin 1993’te Azerbaycan topraklarındaki Dağlık Karabağ’ı işgalinden sonra tek taraflı olarak kapatılmış durumda. Dağlık Karabağ ise Stalin’in “milliyetçilikleri önleme adına”, geniş coğrafya içine yerleştirdiği küçük adacıklarla “kontrollü düşmanlık” siyaseti yıllar sonra milliyetçiliği azdırmaktan başka bir işe yaramadı.
Ancak son bir yılda farklı gelişmeler söz konusu. Türkiye ve Ermenistan biraraya gelmek, en azından tartışmak için inisiyatif kullanmaya başladı. Bir yol haritası çizilmesi için mutabakat imzalandı. Yol haritasında muhtemelen, Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasında diplomatik ilişki kurulması, sınırların açılması, Ermenistan’ın Kars Anlaşması’nı tanıması ve soykırım iddialarının bir komisyon tarafından ele alınması maddeleri bulunacak.
Hemen sonuç alınmayacak dahi olsa atılan adım çok önemli. Türkiye ve Ermenistan önkoşulsuz masaya oturmayı kabul etmişken araya Azerbaycan’ın girmesi, “Karabağ işgali sona ermeden çözüm olmaz” diye diretmesi işi biraz zora koşuyor.
Azerilerin Türkiye-Ermenistan yakınlaşmasına tepki gösterip Rusya ile ittifak kartını kullanması ve “Karabağ çözülmeden bu iş olmaz” anlayışı, Bakü yönetiminin hem ülke içindeki hem de bölgedeki statükoyu korumak istemesinden kaynaklanıyor. Azerbaycan henüz devlet olamamış bir devlet, henüz demokrasinin işlemediği bir ülke. Benzer bir durum Ermenistan için de geçerli. Bu yakınlaşmaya Ermenistan’da da karşı çıkanlar, altlarındaki statüko zemininin kaydığını hissediyor. Türkiye-Ermenistan arasındaki bir açılım, ilişki süreci, bölgede yeni dengeler ve aktörler yaratacak. Bu da her iki ülkedeki yapıları biraz olsun yerinden oynatacak. Bu yüzden örneğin, Dağlık Karabağ konusunda karşılıklı taviz vererek çözüme ulaşmaktan başka bir yol olmadığının bilinmesine rağmen, milliyetçiliğin can damarına basılacak olması Ermeni ve Azeri taraflarını ürkütüyor.
Sınır bir yıl içinde açılabilir
Türkiye bu 24 Nisan’ı atlattı. Ama, bunun karşılığında en fazla bir yıl içinde Ermenistan’la imzalanan mutabakat çerçevesinde adım atmak zorunda olduğunu biliyor. Adım ise diplomatik ilişki ya da sınırların açılması. Çünkü Türkiye’nin kabusu 1915’le yüzleşmek. Ancak, soykırım konusu bir komisyon aracılığıyla tartışmaya açılacak. 1915’te yaşananların yeni ilişki sürecini tıkamamasını iki taraf da kabul etti. Bu yüzden ilk kez iki ülke arasındaki sorunlar farklı zeminlerde ele alınarak ilişki için yumuşak bir geçiş sağlanacak. Ama 1915 olayları komisyona gönderilmiş olsa da Ermeniler açısından “soykırım” gerçeğini değiştirmiyor.
‘Karabağ tartışılmaz!’
Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkilerinde, Türkiye’de birçok kişi “ne taviz verildi” diye merak ederken, Azerbaycan ayağa kalkarken, Ermenistan’da da durum farklı değil. Oysa Kafkasya Enstitüsü Başkanı Aleksandr İskendaryan, ‘sıfır kazanç yerine karşılıklı tavizin artık geçerli yöntem olduğunu’ söylüyor. Ancak liberal, sağ, sol kiminle konuşursanız konuşun Dağlık Karabağ konusundaki görüşler değişmiyor. Değişmeyen görüşse şu: ‘Karabağ konusu, Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkileri ile ilintili değildir’. Yani Ermeniler bu konunun kendileriyle Azeriler arasında olduğunu ve iki ülkenin halledebileceğini söylüyor. Peki, Karabağ konusundaki çözüm ne olacak? Ermeni tarafı kendi görüşünde ısrarlı: ‘Karabağ’da bazı bölgeler Azerilere verilebilir ancak bunun karşılığında ya Karabağ özerk olacak ya da Ermenistan’a bağlanacak’. İşte sorun da burada düğümleniyor. Türkiye, “Karabağ çözülmeden sınır açılmaz” diyerek Azerilere söz veriyor, Erivan ise kendi kamuoyuna “Karabağ hiçbir şekilde Türkiye-Ermenistan müzakerelerine konu olamayacak” diyor. Nitekim Karabağ konusunun ilk aşamada yol haritasına konulmaması isteniyor, muhtemelen de konulmayacak.
Cumhurbaşkanı Gül, ikna için geçen hafta Prag’da İlham Aliyev’le biraraya geldi. “Taviz verilmeyeceğini” anlattı. Azerbaycan muhalefeti ise Aliyev yönetiminin Türkiye’yi dinlemeden Rusya’ya yönelmesinden tedirgin. Çünkü Azeri muhalefeti Karabağ konusunu Rusya’nın bir “tezgâhı” olarak görüyor. Gönül alma seferleri önümüzdeki hafta da devam edecek. Başbakan Erdoğan 13 Mayıs’ta Bakü’ye gidecek.
Erivan kaynakları, 2007’de Madrid’de önerilen “Çerçeve Paket”in masaya getirileceğini söylüyor. Yani Ermenistan, Dağlık Karabağ dışında işgal ettiği yedi bölgenin beşinden geri çekilecek, kaçkınlar olarak tanımlanan göçmenler evlerine dönecek, ardından da Dağlık Karabağ’ın statüsü belirlenecek. Türkiye de, yol haritasının sonraki aşamasında birebir olmasa da, bu temelde bir çözüm önerecek. Pazarlık bu temelde başlayıp zaman içinde karşılıklı olarak “alışveriş” yapılacak. Türkiye Azerilerin daha fazla kazanımını amaçlayacak. Karabağ’ın statüsü belli olması halinde Ermeniler de bu çözüme sıcak bakıyor. Ama onların da muhalefetle sorunu var. Eski Dışişleri Bakanı Vartan Oskayan, “Şu ana kadar Türklerle Karabağ konusunda görüşmelerde bulunmamıştık. Ama yeni durumda bunun devreye girdiği görülüyor. Bu da Ermenistan’ın kazanımlarını yitirmesi anlamına geliyor” diyor.
‘15 yıl daha kaybetmeyelim’
Türkiye ve Ermenistan yeni bir yol haritasıyla yola çıkıyor. Ancak “yol haritaları”nın netameli olduğunu bilmek, yol haritalarını önemsemek ama çok da abartmamak gerekiyor. Çünkü bu haritalar, bazen sorunu çözme-me-nin, işi yokuşa sürmenin diplomatik makyajı haline gelebiliyor. Tıpkı, İsrail Filistin meselesinde olduğu gibi. Erivan’dan eski bir diplomatın sözleri işin anahtarı niteliğinde: “Her iki taraf bazı tepkileri göze alarak yoluna devam etmeli. Maalesef birileri üzülmeden bazı şeyler düzelmiyor. İki tarafın yapacağı tek şey biraz cesur olmak, çözümü istemek. Artık kaybedecek bir 15 yılımız daha yok. İki ülke halkı artık birbiriyle buluşmalı. Önyargılar yıkılmalı. Göreceksiniz iki halk birbirini daha iyi anlayacak”.
Türkiye ile Ermenistan’ın önünde zorlu, riskli, inişli çıkışlı, özetle uzun ince ve dikenli bir yol uzanıyor. Ancak, karşılıklı risk almadan zorluklar aşılamıyor, iki halkı buluşturmak için şimdi risk alma zamanı. Hem Ermenistan’da hem de Türkiye’de.
Monday, April 27, 2009
Armenia’s grief
Yet first a word of caution. Last week’s declaration gave no clues to the precise terms of the agreement, nor a timetable. It seems to have been rushed out to enable Barack Obama, US president, to issue a statement commemorating the 1915 massacres without using the word “genocide” to describe them. That marked a sensible retreat from his election campaign position in order not to alienate Turkey.
The prize of Turkish-Armenian reconciliation is worth it, but the process remains fragile and bedevilled by mistrust. Both sides are still only inching forward, and both face strong resistance at home to making any concessions at all.
The deal would provide for diplomatic recognition, and reopening of the border between them, which was closed by Turkey in 1993 after ethnic Armenian forces seized control of Nagorno-Karabakh in neighbouring Azerbaijan. Both moves would be done gradually to build confidence. That is sensible.
On two vital points, however, there is still no clarity. A historical commission is to be set up to investigate the events of 1915. How will it be constituted and how will it work? If it decides that the massacres did amount to genocide, or did not, it will still be politically explosive unless there is agreement to abide by its results. Second, what progress needs to be made on resolving the Karabakh dispute for Turkey to reopen the border fully?
There seems to be a serious intent in both Ankara and Yerevan to find a way forward in spite of opposition, including from the influential Armenian diaspora in the US and European Union. But pressure on them both from Washington, Brussels and – most significantly – from Moscow for more progress and a clear timetable is still essential.
The one country that might try to scupper progress is Azerbaijan, fearful that reopening the border would take away pressure for Armenia to do a deal over Karabakh, or at least to withdraw from the buffer zone where 500,000 Azeri refugees used to live. But the 19-year border closure has done nothing to hasten an agreement on that score. All sides have an interest in reconciliation, not confrontation.
Sunday, April 26, 2009
Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Ermenistan: Yeni başlayanlar için...
Türkiye-Ermenistan normalleşmesinin ‘yol haritası’nın içeriği, ayrıntılı biçimde açıklanmadı. Açıklanmadı ama kısmen sızdı. Bu konuyla ilgili olanlar, ta Ağustos 2007’den beri İsviçre’nin gözetiminde Türk ve Ermeni diplomatların yoğun bir ‘teknik altyapı’ çalışması yürüttüğünden haberdar bulunanlar ve Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Ermenistan üçgenindeki gelişmeleri ve üç eşbaşkanlı (Amerika-Rusya-Fransa) Minsk grubunun Yukarı Karabağ sorununun çözümünün neresinde durduğunu izleyenler açısından ortada büyük bir muamma yok.
‘Normalleşme’nin iki ana sütunu var: Diplomatik ilişkiler ve kapalı kara sınırının açılması.
Azerbaycan’ı doğrudan ilgilendiren ikincisi. Türkiye’nin Ermenistan ile diplomatik ilişkiler kurması, yani Ankara ve Erivan’da karşılıklı bir büyükelçilik binası bulunması veya örneğin Kars ve Gümrü’de karşılıklı başkonsoloslukların açılması Azerbaycan’ın illa karşı olduğu ya da olacağı bir şey değil.
Türkiye, Sovyetler Birliği dağıldığı vakit, bağımsızlığını ilan eden tüm Sovyet cumhuriyetleri gibi Ermenistan’ın da bağımsızlığını ve yanıbaşındaki bağımsız Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’nin ‘meşruiyeti’ni tanımıştı.
Tanımasına tanımıştı ama diplomatik ilişki kurmamıştı. Diplomatik ilişkir kurmamış olmasını, -zımnen de olsa- ‘1915’e bakış’ ya da bir başka deyimle ‘soykırım’ konusundaki pozisyon farklarına ve aynı şekilde Ermenistan’ın 1921 Kars Anlaşması’nı kabul ettiğini resmen ilan etmemesine dayandırmıştı.
Erivan’ın 1921 Kars Anlaşması’nın kabul ettiğini resmen açıklamaktan kaçınmasının, Ankara tarafından yorumu, “Ermenistan’ın Türkiye’den ‘Batı Ermenistan’ olarak tanımlanan Doğu Anadolu’dan toprak talebinde bulunabileceği” idi.
Ermenistan’ın tutumu ise ‘Türkiye ile sınırlarımızı belirleyen 1921 Anlaşması bize sorulmadan, biz taraf olmadan Ankara ile Moskova’daki Sovyet hükümeti arasında imzalanmıştı. Taraf olmadığımız bir anlaşmayı niye kabul ettiğimizi ilan edelim. Ama, de facto olarak bu anlaşmayı sınır sonuçlarıyla birlikte kabul ediyoruz’ şeklindeydi.
Bir dizi hukuki yaklaşım ve yorum farkı, ön yargılar ve çeşitli siyasi mülahazalar, Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasında diplomatik ilişkiler 1991’de kurulabilecek iken, bunu engelledi. Sovyetler Birliği’nin 1991’de yok olmasından sonra, bıraktığı alanda dağılmasıyla üç Baltık cumhuriyeti (Estonya, Letonya, Litvanya), üç doğu Avrupa cumhuriyeti (Ukrayna, Belarus, Moldova), beş Orta Asya cumhuriyeti (Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan, Özbekistan, Türkmenistan) ve üç Kafkasya cumhuriyeti (Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, Gürcistan) ve Rusya Federasyonu olmak üzere 15 bağımsız devlet üredi.
Bunların arasında Türkiye’nin diplomatik ilişki kurmadığı sadece Ermenistan’dır.
Ve diplomatik ilişki kurmama gerekçesi yukarıda anlattıklarımızdır.
Yani?
Türkiye-Ermenistan diplomatik ilişkilerinin kurulmamasında Yukarı Karabağ sorununun hiçbir ilgisi, ilişkisi yoktur.
***
Ermenistan, 1991’de bağımsız olduktan iki yıl sonra 1993’te Türkiye-Ermenistan kara sınırı kapatılmıştır.
Yani?
Türkiye’nin diplomatik ilişkiler kurmadığı Ermenistan ile kara sınırı 1991-1993 arasında iki yıl açık kalmıştır. Yanisi, bir ülke ile diplomatik ilişki bulunmaması sınırların kapalı kalması anlamına gelmiyor.
Nasıl, bir ülkenin meşruiyetini tanıyor olmanız, diplomatik ilişkiyi otomatik haline getirmiyorsa; diplomatik ilişki bulunmaması da sınırı kapatmıyor.
Peki, Ermenistan’ın bağımsızlığından itibaren iki yıl açık bulunan Türkiye-Ermenistan kara sınırı 1993 yılında niçin kapatıldı?
Çünkü, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan ile arasındaki Yukarı Karabağ ihtilafı üzerine Karabağ’ın çevresindeki, Azerbaycan’a ait toprak parçalarını birbiri ardından işgal etmeye başladı. Yukarı Karabağ ile Ermenistan anakarası arasında doğrudan bağlantı yok. En yakın nokta, ‘Laçin Koridoru’ adı verilen ve Azerbaycan’a ait dar alan.
Azerbaycan idari dilinde Rusçadan geçtiği haliyle ‘reyon’ adı verilen, Türkiye ölçülerinde ilçe ya da belde sayılabilecek yedi nokta, Laçin’in yanı sıra Ermenilerce, Yukarı Karabağ’ı askeri bakımdan güvence altına alma mantığıyla işgal edildi.
Türkiye-Ermenistan sınırı, Ermenistan üzerinde ‘ekonomik abluka’ yoluyla baskı oluşturmak ve Azerbaycan topraklarından çekilmesini sağlamak amacıyla, 1993 yılında söz konusu bu gelişmeler sonucu kapatıldı.
Yani?
Yani, Türkiye-Ermenistan arasındaki diplomatik ilişkilerin kurulmamış olmasının değil ama kara sınırının kapatılmasının Yukarı Karabağ sorunu ile genel anlamda- ilişkisi var.
Ancak, dikkat: Doğrudan Yukarı Karabağ ile de ilişkisi yok.
Ya neyle var?
Yukarı Karabağ çevresinde işgal altına girmiş Azerbaycan topraklarıyla veya aynı anlamda ama farklı bir deyişle Azerbaycan topraklarının Ermeni işgali altına girmesiyle doğrudan ilişkisi var.
‘Nüans’tan öteye önem taşıyan bunun önemi şu. Türkiye-Ermenistan kara sınırının açılmasını, Yukarı Karabağ sorununun nihai çözümüyle eşleştiremezsiniz.
Kara sınırının kapanması, Karabağ’ın değil, Karabağ çevresindeki Azerbaycan toprakları işgali nedeniyle oldu. Dolayısıyla, kara sınırı, o topraklardan Ermeni işgalinin kalkacağına ilişkin bir Azerbaycan-Ermenistan mutabakatı ortaya çıkınca mümkün olur.
Bu arada sürekli olarak ‘kara sınırı’ vurgusu yaptığımızın farkında olmalısınız. Evet, ‘kara sınırı’ zira Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasında tüm sınırlar kapalı değil. Hava sınırı ve hava trafiği açık. Hem de 1995’ten beri!
1995’ten bu yana 14 yıldır Ermenistan havayollarına bağlı uçaklar İstanbul-Erivan ve Erivan-İstanbul arasında sefer yapıyorlar. 2004’ten itibaren buna Türk bayrağı taşıyan, Türkiye’ye kayıtlı özel şirket uçakları da katıldı.
Yani, sınırların kapalılığı bile yarım yamalak bir durum.
Hava açık, kara kapalı.
***
‘Yol haritası’nın Türkiye-Ermenistan normalleşmesi yönünde ‘makul bir zaman dilimi’nde yol alması bekleniyor. Bu, çok yakın gelecek içinde adımların atılmaya başlanması demek.
2007 yaz sonundan beri
Cenevre’de yürütülen görüşmeler, Kars Anlaşması ve ‘soykırım’ konusunu ele alacak ‘ortak tarih komisyonu’ gibi konularda Türkiye-Ermenistan mutabakatı sağladı.
Bu bakımdan, her iki ülkenin Gürcistan başkenti Tiflis’teki büyükelçilerinin karşılıklı ‘akredite edilmesi’yle diplomatik ilişkilerin kurulmasının önünde bir engel yok. (Türkiye’nin Tiflis Büyükelçisi fiilen Erivan nezdinde akredite addedilebilir durumdaydı. Son aylarda, Tiflis-Erivan arasında sürekli gitti geldi.)
Fazla zaman geçirmeden Ankara ve Erivan’da büyükelçilikler ve sınırın iki yanında konsolosluklar açılabilir.
Peki kara sınırı ne zaman açılabilir?
Karabağ’da çözüme yönelik ve bu çerçevede işgal altındaki Azerbaycan topraklarından Ermenilerin çekilme takvimi konusunda bir mutabakat belgesi çıktığı vakit.
Bu ne zaman gerçekleşebilir?
Mayıs ayının 7’sinde Prag’da İlham Aliyev ile Serj Sarkisyan biraraya geliyorlar. Bir hafta arayla Moskova’da Rus muadilleri Medvedev’le yoğun görüşmeler yaptıklarını unutmayalım. Rusya, aktif biçimde devrede. İlham Aliyev ile Sarkisyan, zaten son bir yıl içinde Rusya’da St. Petersburg ve Moskova’da iki kez biraraya geldiler.
İlham Aliyev ile Serj Sarkisyan’ın, 7 Mayıs Prag buluşmasına ek olarak, haziran ayında da bir kez daha biraraya geleceklerini önceki gün öğrendik.
Türkiye’nin dışında Minsk eşbaşkanlarının, Amerika ve Rusya’nın yoğun biçimde devrede bulunduğu girişimlerin sonucunda mayıs ve haziran aylarında Aliyev-Sarkisyan zirvelerini takiben ortaya çıkacak Azerbaycan-Ermenistan mutabakat zaptı ya da belgesi, Ermenistan normalleşmesini Karabağ’a ilişkin gelişmelerle ‘paralel’ götürme sinyali vermiş olan Türkiye’nin kara sınırını açmasının anahtarı olabilir.
Yani?
Yani, Türkiye-Ermenistan kara sınırının birkaç ay içinde açılması kimseyi şaşırtmasın.
(Bu yazı Obama’nın 24 Nisan konuşmasından önce, konuşmanın içeriği bilinmeden yazılmıştır. cç)
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
Friends and neighbours
Sep 25th 2008 | ANKARA AND YEREVAN
From The Economist print edition

KEMAL ATATURK , father of modern Turkey, rescued hundreds of Armenian women and children from mass slaughter by Ottoman forces during and after the first world war. This untold story, which is sure to surprise many of today’s Turks, is one of many collected by the Armenian genocide museum in Yerevan that “will soon be brought to light on our website,” promises Hayk Demoyan, its director.
His project is one more example of shifting relations between Turkey and Armenia. On September 6th President Abdullah Gul became the first Turkish leader to visit Armenia when he attended a football match. Mr Gul’s decision to accept an invitation from Armenia’s president, Serzh Sarkisian, has raised expectations that Turkey may establish diplomatic ties and open the border it closed during the 1990s fighting between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. The two foreign ministers were planning to meet in New York this week. Armenia promises to recognise Turkey’s borders and to allow a commission of historians to investigate the fate of the Ottoman Armenians.Reconciliation between Turkey and Armenia could tilt the balance of power in the Caucasus. Russia is Armenia’s closest regional ally. It has two bases and around 2,000 troops there. The war in Georgia has forced Armenia to rethink its position. Some 70% of its supplies flow through Georgia, and these were disrupted by Russian bombing. Peace with Turkey would give Armenia a new outside link. Some think Russia would be happy too. “It would allow Russia to marginalise and lean harder on Georgia,” argues Alexander Iskandaryan, director of the Caucasus Media Institute.
Mending fences with Armenia would bolster Turkey’s regional clout. And it might also help to kill a resolution proposed by the American Congress to call the slaughter of the Armenians in 1915 genocide. That makes the Armenian diaspora, which is campaigning for genocide recognition, unhappy. Some speak of a “Turkish trap” aimed at rewriting history to absolve Turkey of wrongdoing. Indeed, hawks in Turkey are pressing Armenia to drop all talk of genocide.
Even more ambitiously, the hawks want better ties with Armenia to be tied anew to progress over Nagorno-Karabakh. But at least Mr Gul seems determined to press ahead. “If we allow the dynamics that were set in motion by the Yerevan match to slip away, we may have to wait another 15-20 years for a similar chance to arise,” he has said.
Saturday, September 20, 2008
Cold comfort
From The Economist print edition
DEPENDING where you live in Europe and whom you blame for the Russian-Georgian war, the European Union’s emergency summit meeting on September 1st was a triumph, a failure or just the best that could be expected. Against objections from some Russia-friendly quarters, chiefly Italy’s prime minister, Silvio Berlusconi, the EU condemned Russian actions in Georgia, agreed to step up efforts to help ex-Soviet countries under threat and blocked talks on a new partnership deal.
Even agreeing that was tricky. Britain had been demanding a “root and branch” re-examination of the EU’s relationship with Russia—a critical viewpoint shared with Poland, the Baltic states and Sweden, whose foreign minister, Carl Bildt, has explicitly compared Russia’s tactics with Germany’s in the 1930s. Most of the big European countries are a lot more cautious. They blame Georgia, seen as an irresponsible American protégé, for starting the war but object to Russia’s precipitate diplomatic recognition of Georgia’s two breakaway territories, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and the lingering Russian military presence in buffer zones. Above all, they are glad that a row with an important trading partner has cooled.
The hope is that France’s president, Nicolas Sarkozy, who is visiting Russia on September 8th, will bring back agreement on a Russian withdrawal in accordance with the ceasefire he brokered. Russia’s president, Dmitry Medvedev, has promised this on at least four occasions. But Russia’s prime minister, Vladimir Putin, has declared that the port of Poti, a long way from the separatist regions, is part of Russia’s self-declared “security zone”. His spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, said that Russian troops (now labelled peacekeepers) would maintain their “temporary presence”. Even so, optimists think that it will soon be business as usual, particularly as Russia starts to count the economic cost of the war, which has sent shares plunging and encouraged capital flight.
Maybe, but what is happening in practice is another story. Even the details of implementing the ceasefire are unclear. One reason is that the document itself is so vague. Veterans of the many ceasefire negotiations during the wars in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s were aghast when they saw the text, which exists in multiple inconsistent versions and lacks the vital specifics of dates and placenames, leaving far too much wiggle room. Russian officials now say that their forces will move back only when Georgia also abides by the agreement as they define it. They are demanding that Western countries observe an arms embargo on Georgia, the “aggressor” party. That leaves plenty of scope for quibbling and delay.
A second problem is the role of the international monitors from the EU and the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, a Vienna-based international body that supposedly defuses the continent’s conflicts. Will these people be allowed to move freely inside all of what the West regards as Georgia, including South Ossetia and Abkhazia where Russian-backed militias are engaged in purges of the ethnic Georgian population? Russia, at present, says that it is too dangerous to allow this. But if they are allowed in, on what terms will that be? Foreign journalists and diplomats are repeatedly told that they need documents issued by the separatist authorities—or in some cases, as shockingly happened to the French ambassador to Georgia, Russian visas. Georgia and its allies will vigorously resist the application of such rules to international officials.
It is still unclear what Russia really wants in Georgia—or elsewhere. In Moscow, the mood is defiant, unrepentant and uncompromising. Mr Medvedev and a raft of top officials have scoffed at talk of serious punitive action. “Bring it on” appears to be their devil-may-care mantra. Convinced that the days of a unipolar Washington-centric world are dead and buried, Russia believes it has a privileged place at the top table of a fast-changing multipolar world. Any attempt to mete out punishment will backfire. “The G8 will be practically unable to function without Russia,” Mr Medvedev calmly told Italian television. “That’s why we don’t fear being expelled.” On NATO’s freezing of ties with Russia, he remarked: “We don’t see anything dramatic or difficult about suspending our relations…But I think our partners will lose more from that.” Unmentioned but clearly meant was NATO’s reliance on Russia to supply its forces in Afghanistan.
The EU’s mild rebuke and tentative sanctions brought an outright welcome. The freezing of talks on a new deal with the EU, already much delayed, is seen as of little importance. Though junior officials expressed irritation at “biased statements” in the EU declaration, Mr Medvedev hailed the union’s avoidance of real sanctions as “reasonable” and “realistic”. The president seemed to put all disagreement with Russia down to a temporary misunderstanding: it was “not fatal” because “things change in the world.”
Political corpse
But not, it seems, as far as talks with the Georgian leadership is concerned. “President [Mikheil] Saakashvili no longer exists in our eyes,” said Mr Medvedev. “He is a political corpse.” Russia’s foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, advised Europe to decide its policy towards Russia based on its own “core interests” (ie, without America) in a speech larded with snide remarks about American arrogance and unilateralism. “The phantom of the Great Game wanders again in the Caucasus,” he said. If America and its allies chose to side with what he called “Saakashvili’s regime” it would be a “mistake of truly historic proportions”.
That fits with earlier Russian demands for a change of Georgian leadership. Russia has said that its prosecutors are collecting evidence in South Ossetia with which to indict Mr Saakashvili as a war criminal. Many of Georgia’s Western friends would be delighted if someone with an easier personality (and greater readiness to listen to advice) were in charge. But they want that to happen as part of Georgia’s normal internal politics, not as a putsch dictated by Moscow. As the box on the last page of this section points out, Georgian politicians now think the same.
The double-act between Mr Medvedev and Mr Putin creates extra scope for manoeuvre. Mr Medvedev promises to calm things down. Then Mr Putin stirs them up again, accusing in all seriousness the Bush administration of staging the war to boost John McCain’s election chances.
Part of the motive for the war may have been to distract attention from problems inside Russia, such as inflation, corruption, squabbling inside the circles of power and the failure to distribute fairly the proceeds of the oil and gas bonanza of past years. As the oil price falls towards $100 a barrel, the focus on that will sharpen.
It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the most unpleasant side of Russian politics is leaking to its near neighbours. Over the weekend, Mr Medvedev said that protecting the lives and dignity of Russian citizens abroad was an “unquestionable priority”, as well as protecting the interests of Russian businesses there. He also spoke of “countries with which we share special historical relations” where Russia has “privileged interests”. Though Mr Medvedev stressed the need for friendly relations, he also implied that such countries might not have the option of following policies that Russia deemed unfriendly (such as wanting to join NATO or host American bases). It would have been hard to find anything more likely to make the fears of Russia’s neighbours seem justified, to stoke Western support for them and to undermine those who think that Russia will soon return to “normal”.
Diplomatic support for Russia has been scanty, even among close allies. No country, Russia apart, has given the two statelets formal diplomatic recognition. Belarus and Tajikistan say they will do so, but the former, which is being squeezed by Russia over energy supplies, spoke in notably lukewarm terms and only after Russia’s ambassador to Minsk decried the government’s “incomprehensible silence”.
Perhaps most significant has been the critical reaction from the intergovernmental Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, which Russia has been building up as a counterweight to American influence. A statement from its meeting last week supported Russian peacekeeping efforts but stressed the importance of territorial integrity and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. This was a clear snub that showed a startling lack of support for Russia’s actions both from the four Central Asian members of the SCO and from China.
Chill from China
China’s leaders have enjoyed unnerving America by flirting with Russia, but this has always stopped well short of any hint of confrontation. Although China’s state-run media has avoided criticising Russia, and has highlighted the West’s discomfort at Georgia’s defeat, China’s official position on Russia’s recognition of the breakaway regions has been surprisingly chilly. A Chinese spokesman said his country was “concerned” and called for “dialogue and consultation”. That reflects both China’s pragmatic desire for good economic relations with the West, and also its dislike of both separatism and interference in other countries’ internal affairs. With Tibet, Taiwan and restive Muslims to contend with, China takes a dim view of anybody chopping up other countries and declaring the results to be independent states.
The same thinking has marred Russia’s image in normally friendly countries such as Greece and Cyprus (which bristles about the Turkish-backed “pseudo-state”) and Spain (which is twitchy about Basque and Catalan separatism). All this suggests a degree of miscalculation in Moscow. Over the past decade, the future of South Ossetia and Abkhazia was a useful bargaining chip. Now it has been cashed in, without much benefit.
Cooking up new Russia policies will take time. The result may well not be to the Kremlin’s taste. “We are back to square one,” says Alexander Stubb, Finland’s foreign minister. Many Western countries are now reassessing their relations with Russia in ways that range from the need for higher defence spending to a reduction in dependence on Russian energy. Mr Sarkozy says that France, which holds the EU presidency, will launch a big new defence initiative in October.
The EU is better at giving carrots than wielding sticks. It will find it easier to provide generous support for the reconstruction of Georgia than do anything that might be seen as punishing Russia. Even so, timid as this response may seem, it is also something of a watershed: for the first time the EU’s 27 countries got together and agreed on sharp public criticism of Russia.

The United States has announced a $1 billion aid package for Georgia. The International Monetary Fund has agreed to lend the country $750m. Underlining Georgia’s importance as an energy corridor, America’s vice-president, Dick Cheney, visited the region this week. He hopes to get Azerbaijan to commit gas exports to the €8 billion ($11.5 billion) Nabucco project, which extends a gas pipeline to Europe from Georgia and Turkey. But Nabucco’s chances are looking increasingly slim. This week Russia stepped up its energy diplomacy, agreeing on a deal with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on a new pipeline via Russia that would entrench the Kremlin’s hold on east-west gas supplies. Though the EU is Russia’s largest customer, individual countries’ dependency (see chart) has undermined the union’s collective bargaining power.
America is also supporting Georgia’s demand for a tough non-recognition policy towards South Ossetian and Abkhaz independence. Companies doing business in the two self-proclaimed countries will find that their managers and shareholders cannot get American or European visas, officials say. But will big European countries such as Germany go along with that? Outsiders will be scrutinising closely the atmosphere at the annual German-Russian intergovernmental meeting in October—an occasion normally marked by warm rhetoric about the two countries’ mutual interdependence.
The mood in NATO is noticeably more hawkish than in the EU. A senior official says that the days when it was regarded as “taboo” to discuss any military threat from Russia in the alliance’s contingency planning are all but over. When NATO defence ministers meet in London on September 18th, a big question will be how to defend existing members, chiefly the Baltic states, which are small, weak and on Russia’s border. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania joined the alliance in 2004, when such questions were dismissed as too theoretical to worry about (or alternatively too provocative to consider). Now they are unavoidable.
Minorities as ammunition

The potential flashpoint, as with the war in Georgia, is a legacy of the Soviet Union (see table). Russia says that the language and citizenship laws in Estonia and Latvia discriminate against Russian-speakers. The hundreds of thousands of people (mainly from Russia) who moved to these countries during the Soviet occupation did not automatically become citizens when Estonia and Latvia regained independence. Many were naturalised in the 1990s, and a steady trickle continue to pass the language exams and apply for citizenship. But an alienated minority of stateless people, and tens of thousands who carry Russian passports, are a potential nightmare for the Baltic states and their friends. Disturbances in the Estonian capital, Tallinn, last year over a clumsy government decision to move a Soviet war memorial inflamed feelings that have not yet subsided.
Lithuania’s problems are different (it has a small Russian minority which gained automatic citizenship in 1991). But it is a transit route for Russian troops to the exclave of Kaliningrad. That offers plenty of scope for provocation. Russia has cut off oil supplies, ostensibly because the pipeline is decrepit (but has refused a Lithuanian offer to pay for its repair). And populist parties led by politicians with strong Kremlin links are doing well in the run-up to a general election in October.
The Baltic armed forces are tiny and are configured to support NATO efforts in faraway countries such as Afghanistan, not to defend the region against a real attack from Russia. NATO’s military presence consists only of a handful of fighter aircraft (currently four from Germany) based at an air base in Lithuania. It also has a cyber-defence centre in Estonia, and all three countries have NATO-standard radars that can look deep into Russia.
Beefing that up without feeding Russian paranoia will be tricky. “Don’t expect a fanfare,” says the NATO official. “We will do it in a low-key, professional way.” The Baltic states themselves will be expected to spend more on defence—no easy task as a sharp economic slowdown bites.
Another question for NATO is how much help to offer in restoring Georgia’s armed forces. Although Western military advisers have been surprised, and even scandalised, by the poor showing of the Georgian army, which retreated in poor order, dumping huge quantities of donated American equipment and ammunition, Georgia itself is optimistic about rebuilding it.
The other country most threatened by Russia is Ukraine. Mr Putin said in April that it risked dismemberment if it tried to join NATO, and opinion inside the country is deeply divided on the issue. Politics is unstable too: this week Ukraine’s president, Viktor Yushchenko, threatened to call a snap election to defend himself against what he termed a “putsch” by parliament, which wants to strip him of his powers. The West will tread gingerly into that, though NATO may step up its fairly uncontroversial defence training activities.
Yet NATO is barely less divided than the EU. It is not just that European countries blocked the American plan to give Ukraine and Georgia a clear path to potential membership at the alliance’s summit in April. Turkey, the most important NATO member in the Black Sea region, is torn between the competing claims of strategic partnership with America and its strong trading links with Russia (which supplies most of its gas). Although Turkey has helped to train Georgia’s armed forces (evidently not very successfully), it did not share radar and other military data with Georgia during the series of pinprick attacks by Russia that preceded the full-scale war.
Turkey is pushing its own regional initiative, involving Russia and the Caucasus countries but not America. That might help settle another lingering conflict, between Armenia and Azerbaijan. But Georgia regards anything that excludes the United States as unacceptable. For now, the hottest issue for Turkey is whether to allow America to send more warships through the Bosporus straits into the Black Sea, something that Russia vigorously opposes.
Having caught the West napping (or at least on holiday), Russia scored a pleasant victory over a weak and unpopular adversary. But now it has to deal with the consequences: war fever at home plus alienated allies and stronger critics abroad. Will Russia’s leaders respond to this by raising the stakes, in the hope of showing their opponents’ underlying weakness? The West’s leaders worriedly hope not.
Thursday, September 11, 2008
TURKEY: CAUCASUS CRISIS LEAVES ANKARA TORN BETWEEN US AND RUSSIA
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Tuesday, September 9, 2008
Turkey's troubles in the Caucasus
From Michael Reynolds
The outbreak of the Russian-Georgian War earlier this month apparently caught Ankara as poorly prepared as it caught Washington. The Turkish Foreign Ministry’s section dealing with the Caucasus reportedly was virtually unstaffed. The head of the section was in Mosul on temporary assignment, the section’s number-two spot is empty and has been for the last six months. The number three was also away on temporary assignment in Nakhichevan and the other assigned section members were on vacation, thus forcing on-duty diplomats from other desks to scramble.
This may surprise. There are abundant reasons for one to expect that Turkey would have been following events in Georgia and the Caucasus with great diligence. The two countries share common borders and intertwined histories. Istanbul ruled large chunks of the Caucasus, including much of Georgia, for centuries, and today there remains inside Turkey a small but vibrant community of Abkhazians and related Caucasian peoples. Russia for most of the past three centuries has loomed over Turkey as its greatest rival and threat, yet at critical times, such as during the Turkish War of Independence (1919-22), it has been a key ally. Today Russia supplies somewhere around 70 percent of Turkey’s natural gas and is Turkey’s second-largest trading partner.
Georgia is a transit point for Caspian and Central Asian oil and gas and as such is critical to Turkey’s ambitions to become an energy hub and to diversify its own energy supplies. As a member of NATO, Turkey has been involved in training and supplying the Georgian military. Finally, given Turkey’s own struggle with Kurdish separatists, other instances of ethno-separatism and border revision logically should command Ankara’s keen attention. In short, both Russia and Georgia are of great strategic, economic, and historic importance to Turkey, and the principles of territorial integrity and self-determination over which the Russo-Georgian War was (nominally) fought are directly relevant to the most sensitive of Turkey’s security concerns.
Turkey’s lack of preparedness for the Russo-Georgian war is not coincidental, but instead reflects a long-standing legacy of Kemalism. The fundamental precept of the foreign policy course laid out by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, summed up in his famous phrase, “Peace at home, peace in the world,” was that Turkey should bury its imperial past, avoid foreign entanglements, and focus on internal development. Thus the Turkish Republic deliberately isolated itself from its neighbors, especially those to its south and east. It cut cultural and other ties across the board, and preferred cordial but distant relations over close involvement and interaction. As a result, Turkey today has a strong cadre of diplomats, professors, analysts and others fluent in English and familiar with the United States and Western Europe, but it lacks the sort of expertise about its own neighborhood that one might assume it would naturally possess given its imperial history. Although challenges to this policy of isolation have emerged on occasion (briefly in the 1950s and perhaps during the early 1990s), a preference for cool detachment and inward focus has remained dominant in the Turkish bureaucracy.
There is much to be said for avoiding foreign entanglements, and the reasoning behind “Peace at home, peace abroad” was anything but frivolous. Yet self-imposed isolation carries its own costs. Those costs rose precipitately for Turkey following the end of the Cold War as its neighborhood underwent tremendous political and economic transformation. Ignoring the events taking place around it was no solution. At this time, Turkey’s self-confidence began to grow, and more Turks began to advocate that their country play a more active role in its region. One positive development has been the emergence in Turkey of think tanks, both official and non-governmental, dedicated to foreign and domestic issues.
Old habits and institutional practices die hard, however, and playing an active role in such a complex region is no simple matter. As a way to break out of the old mindset and gain experience in regional affairs without great risk, Turkey has been trying to play the role of mediator in regional conflicts. The architect of this approach is Ahmet Davutoğlu, a former professor and close adviser to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who now holds the rank of ambassador. Thus Turkey has involved itself in negotiations between Syria and Israel. Similarly, Turkey’s Foreign Minister Ali Babacan has at times tried to position himself as a broker between the West and Iran.
Erdoğan in the midst of the Russo-Georgian War tried to apply a slightly more advanced variant of this formula by flying to Moscow, Tiblisi, and Baku and proposing a “Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform.” The idea of the platform, which is sometimes also called a pact, is to bring together the three South Caucasian states of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan with Turkey and Russia, and enable them to mediate and solve their conflicts among themselves.
The idea sounds attractive, but it will not go far. Such pacts can work only if all members are willing to prioritize stability and good relations over their other interests. Yet if there is one thing we know, it is that there is no consensus for stability in the Caucasus. Russia just mounted a calculated and successful effort to overthrow the status quo in the Caucasus at the expense of another putative pact member, Georgia. Russia’s war aims, moreover, extend beyond altering the balance of power in the Caucasus, to restoring its position as the dominant power in Eurasia and restructuring its relations with the United States and Europe. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are pawns in a game bigger than the Caucasus. The notion that what Russia and Georgia need in order to come to a mutually satisfactory agreement is a nearby neutral venue for their diplomats to meet verges on the surreal. Perhaps for this reason, the Russian press chose to give short shrift to Erdoğan’s call for a stability pact, and instead interpret his visit as signifying support for Russia in South Ossetia. It was not the finest moment in Turkish diplomacy.
Azerbaijan is another state in the Caucasus that has for some time been voicing an intense dissatisfaction with the status quo. In recent months, Baku has been dropping subtle threats that it might seek to revise it by going to war. In particular, Azerbaijan is dissatisfied with the outcome of the war it fought with Armenian forces over Nagorno-Karabakh (to use the most widespread English rendering of the region’s name), a predominantly Armenian enclave (technically it held the title of “autonomous oblast” in the Soviet Union) inside the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Karabakh War started in 1988, i.e. when the Soviet Union was still in existence, and ended with a ceasefire some six years later in 1994. During the war not only did Karabakh break free of Baku’s control, but Armenian forces managed to seize roughly fifteen percent of the Republic of Azerbaijan’s territory and expelled the Azeri inhabitants thereof, some 800,000 people.
Since that time, Baku has not been able to achieve any redress through diplomatic measures. But thanks to foreign investment in its oil industry it has accumulated some wealth, and has used that wealth to engage in a military build-up. Whether or not Azerbaijan’s military is capable of defeating and driving out Armenian forces and restoring the occupied territories and Karabakh to Baku is by no means clear, but building frustration among Azeris might tempt them to test their luck.
Turkey and Armenia are the two states in the Caucasus that have the greatest interest in preserving and building upon the status quo. The Armenians, i.e. the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) and the Republic of Armenia, won the Karabakh War and wish to keep their gains. They would like Azerbaijan and the wider world to acknowledge the de facto independent NKR as sovereign Armenian territory (either as part of the Armenian Republic proper or as a separate republic).
Armenia in addition would like to see Turkey lift the blockade it imposed in 1993 in response to the Armenians’ seizure of Azerbaijani territory. That blockade has stunted land-locked Armenia’s economic development, leaving it dependent upon Georgia and Iran for surface routes to the outside world. The disruption caused by Russia’s invasion to the operations of Georgia’s ports, rail lines, and roads (ironically, Turkish goods are among the biggest commodities imported along those roads into Armenia) has hit Armenia’s economy especially hard. and underscored Armenia’s isolation and fundamental vulnerability. Indeed, even before this most recent war, it was clear that Armenia’s lack of relations with Turkey had left it excessively dependent upon Russia—an unhealthy situation for any state pretending to sovereign status. (Indeed, with Armenia already virtually in its back pocket, one might imagine that Russia may seek to woo Azerbaijan to its side by compelling Armenian concessions on Karabakh.)
For its part, Turkey since the end of the Cold War has benefited in numerous ways from the retreat of Russian power and had reason to be generally satisfied with the state of affairs in the Caucasus prior to this war. The big exception is the state of its relations with Armenia. Although Turkey was one of the very first states to recognize Armenia’s independence in 1991, it never followed up to establish relations. Several difficult issues divide the two states. One bone of contention between them is Turkey’s insistence that Armenia definitively renounce any claims on the territory of the Turkish Republic. Another is Armenia’s insistence that Turkey recognize the massacres and deportations from Anatolia of Ottoman Armenians during and after World War One as a genocide. A third is Turkey’s demand that Armenia withdraw from the territory of Azerbaijan that it occupies.
A fourth issue is, of course, the blockade. Although the imposition of the blockade was greatly appreciated by Azerbaijan, which sees itself as the victim of Armenian aggression, it has harmed Turkey’s image worldwide by reinforcing the stereotype of the “Terrible Turk” as a bully. This is something the Turks, never mind the Azeris, find particularly irksome given that it is the Armenians now who are occupying territory seized in war. Turkish support for Azerbaijan has impaired Turkish efforts to counter the lobbying by Armenian diaspora groups of legislative bodies worldwide to classify the mass deaths of Ottoman Armenians in 1915 as genocide. Opening the border with Armenia, some Turkish officials believe, would enable Turkey to thwart these efforts more effectively.
Economics provides another incentive for Turkey to open its borders. Turkey’s east is isolated, distant from markets, and remains underdeveloped. Opening the border with Armenia would provide a boost to the local economy by enabling cross-border trade. It would also make available better routing options for oil and gas pipelines from the Caspian and export corridors to the Caspian and beyond, and thereby provide a boon to Turkey’s national economy as well.
In a gesture intended perhaps to break the stalemate in Turkish-Armenian relations, the Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian invited his Turkish counterpart Abdullah Gül to come to Yerevan on September 6 to watch the national soccer teams of the two nations play a World Cup qualifying match. Gül, some Turks hope, will seize the moment to initiate a major shift in the region’s diplomacy. Gül has not yet committed. Were Gül to do so, it would mark a significant change not just in Turkish-Armenian relations, but even more so in Turkish diplomacy, which has a tradition of working slowly and with exceeding caution, and of letting opportunities slip by.
Indeed, with Russian forces now inside Georgia, both Turkey and Armenia (as well as Azerbaijan) probably already have missed an opportunity to overcome their differences and to chart a path toward more secure and prosperous futures for their societies. The Russian state, whether in its Tsarist, Soviet, and contemporary forms has demonstrated substantial skill in manipulating ethnic and other cleavages on its borderlands to weaken its competitors. It is worth remembering that Russia was involved in the emergence of all of the conflicts mentioned above (Turkish-Armenian, Azeri-Armenian, Ossetian-Georgian, and Abkhazian-Georgian) among others. That is not to say that Russia invented these conflicts. Hardly. At times Russia has expended considerable efforts to contain and resolve them. But Russia is not an outsider to them and possesses an intimate familiarity with them—a familiarity that it can, has, and will deploy to its advantage.
Strength is a relative thing. Sapping the cohesion and power of one’s potential rivals is often as effective, and occasionally even more useful, a method for overcoming them than is building up one’s own strength. There are more fissures for Russia to exploit in the Caucasus. The Turkish-Armenian-Azerbaijani fissure is an easy one to exploit. For reasons of history, memory, and culture, all of these societies remain deeply conflicted regarding relations with each other. Pushing the buttons to poison the atmosphere and disrupt any move toward reconciliation is not difficult.
Russia exerts tremendous influence over Armenia, and considerable influence over Azerbaijan. Turkey, too, is vulnerable to Russian pressure. Already Turkish businessmen are fretting over the way increased scrutiny by Russian customs of their goods is harming Turkish exports and are wondering if such scrutiny is intended as a message to Turkey to refrain from close cooperation with the United States against Russia.
Keeping Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan at loggerheads serves Russia by neutralizing the power and options of its Caucasian neighbors, keeping them dependent, and blocking the development of the Caucasus as an alternative corridor for energy and trade. It also serves varied domestic interests in each of those states. But it does nothing for those societies aside from depriving them of options for future development.
It is not clear that Russia’s defeat of Georgia will restore it to the position of hegemon in the Caucasus, but it will increase Moscow’s ability to play the role of regional spoiler. Although many Turks and Armenians retain doubts about the propriety of closer relations between their countries, important constituencies inside the governments and societies of the two nations recognize the multiple benefits better ties would bring. Their difficulty is convincing others that improved relations are, in fact, conceivable. Thus were Gül and Sarkisian to meet this September and announce together that they intend that their states should, together with Azerbaijan, overcome their differences, their words would have a real impact.
As the larger, more senior, more established, and more powerful state, Turkey is the better candidate to take the lead in the drive toward reconciliation. But it is not likely to happen. With Russia inside Georgia, and the Caucasus reverting again to a theater of Great Power confrontation, time is running out. Boldness is required. Yet whereas Moscow drew from its imperial collapse the lesson that fortune favors the bold, Ankara took from the Ottoman experience the lesson that extreme discretion is the better part of valor.
Azerbaijani Foreign Minister comments on Ankara's Caucasus Stability and Cooperation platform

Azerbaijani Foreign Mnister Elmar Mammadyarov commenter on Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform initiated by Turkey. The Minister said Azerbaijan welcomes this initiative: "If South Caucasus achieves stability, it will be good for the countries in the region. The point is that the coutnries should continue consultations. Azerbaijan in its turn will perhaps continue discussions with Russia and Georgia."
Mammadyarov said it's early to say in which form the platform will be approved.
Turkiye Kafkaslar'da Arabuluculuga soyunuyor
Taken from "Radikal" on September 7, 2008
By Muhammed Nureddin
Enerji konusunda sırtını büyük ölçüde Moskova’ya dayayan, ancak Tiflis’le iyi ilişkilerini de korumak durumunda olan AKP hükümeti, Türkiye’nin yeni çok boyutlu dış politika doktrinini Kafkaslar’da da hayata geçirmek istiyor
Kafkasyalar’da yeni gelişmeler yaşanırken ABD’yle Polonya arasında füze kalkanı anlaşmasının imzalanması, Washington’ın ‘İran tehlikesi’yle mücadeleden ziyade Rusya’nın süper güç ve ABD’ye denk bir kutup olarak uluslararası arenaya yeniden çıkma girişimini engellemeyi amaçladığını teyit etti. Soğuk Savaş’ın bittiğinin ve uluslararası ilişkilere hükmeden yasaların içeriğinin değiştiğinin düşünülmesi sonrası, Kafkasya savaşı oyunun hemen hemen aynı araçlarla sürdüğünü gösterdi. Bu yeni vaka, Soğuk Savaş sırasında komünizmle mücadelede Batı’nın öncü kalelerinden biri olmasının ardından, kendisini bu yeni uluslararası çekişmedeki rolünü araştırmak zorunda bulan Türkiye’de birçok soruyu gündeme getiriyor.
Bugün Ankara’da, ülkenin 1990’ların başından bugüne kadar farklı uluslararası değişimlere uyum sağlamış çıkarlarına uygun yaklaşımın ne olacağına dair soru sürekli tekrarlanıyor. Ankara Batı’ya yakın politikalar izlemiş olsa da, Erdoğan hükümetlerinin izlediği ‘çok boyutlu’ siyaset Türk dış politikasına yeni bir durum dayattı. Türkiye, Araplardan İran ve Rusya’ya kadar kendi bölgesine karşı Batı-İsrail sistemi içinde taraf olması sonrasında, şimdi doğulu komşularıyla iyi ilişkiler kuruyor. Bu ülke, doğalgaz ve petrolü de tarihi rekabet ve ideolojik farklılık içinde bulunduğu Rusya ve İran’dan ithal ediyor. Bu nedenle Rusya’yla Gürcistan arasındaki kriz patlak verdiğinde, Türkiye kendisini çok boyutlu siyasetin ilk gerçekçi sorunu karşısında buldu. Müttefik Gürcistan’ı ve ABD’yi mi seçecekti, yoksa ekonomik çıkarlarına bağlı kalacak ve komşuluk etkeni baskın mı gelecekti?
Aslında Başbakan Erdoğan, tıpkı Cumhurbaşkanı Gül gibi komşu Rusya’yla ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinin öneminin farkında. Bu durum karşısında Ankara, Gürcistan’ın bağımsızlığının yanı sıra Tiflis ve Bakü’yle koalisyonunu da koruma gereğiyle, iyi ilişkilere sahip olduğu Rusya’yı buluşturan bir formül bulma yönünde ilerliyor. Türkiye petrolünün yüzde 40’ını ve doğalgazının yüzde 36’sını Rusya’dan ithal ettiği için bu ülkeyle işbirliği yapılmasının önemini anlıyoruz. Özellikle de Türkiye sıra dışı bir büyüme ve ekonomik kalkınma döneminden geçerken... Ayrıca Mavi Akım diye bilinen Samsun-Ceyhan boru hattı, esasında Rus gazının dünyaya taşınmasını amaçlıyor.
Erdoğan, önerisini bizzat kendisinin Kafkasya’daki durumla ilgili taraflara sunduğu bir projeye aktarmakta gecikmedi.
Kafkasya İstikrar ve İşbirliği Platformu adını taşıyan proje, Rusya, Türkiye, Gürcistan, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan’ı kapsıyor. Öneri Türkiye’yle tarihi anlaşmazlıkları bulunan
Ermenistan’ı bile dışlamadığı için yaratıcı sayılıyor. Böylelikle Türkiye herkesle ilişki kurmaya kararlı görünüyor. Hatta platformun Türkiye-Ermenistan anlaşmazlığı gibi başka sorunların çözümüne de bir giriş kapısı oluşturması, İran ve Ukrayna gibi Kafkaslar’daki gelişmelerle doğrudan bağlantılı başka ülkeleri kapsaması amacıyla genişlemesi de mümkün. Erdoğan Türkiye’yi herkesle ilişki kurmaya kadir bir arabulucu olarak gösterme girişiminde bulundu. Rus, Gürcü ve Azeri liderlerle görüştü. Yakında dışişleri bakanı Ermeni meslektaşıyla bir araya gelecek. Bu hareketlenmenin başarılı olup olmayacağını veya ABD’nin, özellikle de Polonya’yla yaptığı füze kalkanı anlaşmasının zamanlaması sonrası, bölgede istikrarı engellemek amacıyla deliğe çomak sokup sokmayacağını görmek için beklemek gerek.
(Katar gazetesi Şark, Beyrut Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Direktörü, 24 Agustos 2008)