Tuesday, March 31, 2009

Turkey holds out against Danish Nato chief

By James Blitz in London and Delphine Strauss in Ankara

Nato heads of government will try this week to heal a rift with Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish prime minister, over his government’s opposition to Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the Danish premier, becoming the next secretary-general of the 26-member security alliance.

Nato leaders had been hoping that Mr Rasmussen could be declared formally as the successor to Jaap de Hoop Scheffer at this weekend’s alliance summit in Strasbourg and Kehl but that may now have to be delayed.

European diplomats, however, say that while a consensus has emerged within Nato that Mr Rasmussen is frontrunner for the post, Turkey has expressed objections because of the row in 2006 over cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed printed in a Danish newspaper.

Turkey complains that Mr Rasmussen refused to apologise for the cartoons, which sparked riots and attacks on Danish embassies in several Muslim states. Some western governments defended their publication in the name of freedom of expression.

Turkey believes the cartoons row would leave Mr Rasmussen ill-placed to lead Nato when its biggest challenges are in the Muslim world. It would prefer a non-European Union candidate with more Atlanticist instincts, such as Peter MacKay, Canada’s defence minister, or Radoslaw Sikorski, Polish foreign minister.

A western diplomat said on Monday that Nato leaders would probably seek to talk to Mr Erdogan in the next few days about the strength of Turkey’s objections.

“There will be an opportunity for heads of government to speak directly with Erdogan this week,” the diplomat said. “There will be discussions with him on the margins of the G20 in London and the Nato summit itself. But we are not wholly convinced that Turkey will be compliant.”

In Brussels, a Nato diplomat acknowledged that Turkey’s objection was becoming a difficult issue for the alliance because the appointment of a secretary-general must be agreed unanimously.

“Reports about Turkey’s objections are worrying people,” said this diplomat. “What alliance governments want to know is whether Turkey is raising fundamental objections which they will die in a ditch over; or whether this is a bargaining chip aimed at getting concessions on issues like the timing of Turkey’s accession to the EU.”

Mr Erdogan said in a televised interview that he had spoken to Mr Rasmussen to underline his concerns, adding that Turkey was upset that Denmark allowed Roj TV, a Kurdish channel it says is linked to the rebel Kurdistan Workers’ party (PKK), to broadcast from its territory.

While Turkey is unlikely to veto the appointment outright, it could seek support from more powerful allies.

CHP-MHP toplamı, AKP oylarını geçti

Başbakan Erdoğan, seçim sonuçlarını ‘Güvenoyu aldık’ diye yorumlarken, ‘il genel meclislerindeki oylarımız CHP-MHP toplamının üzerinde’ dedi ancak durum AKP için kritik görünüyor. Yüzde 39.32 olan CHP-MHP toplamı yüzde 38.93’lük AKP oylarını kılpayı da olsa geçti. Uzmanlar göre seçimdeki bu ‘irtifa kaybı’, AKP için yol ayrımı niteliğinde

ANKARA - Türkiye genelinde hem belediye başkanlığı hem de il genel meclisinde kıran kırana bir mücadele yaşandı. AKP beklenildiği gibi iki seçimden de galip çıktı ama 2004 ve 2007’deki gücünü koruyamadı, ayrıca yüzde 40’lık ‘psikolojik sınır’ın da altına indi. Başbakan Tayyip Erdoğan, partisinin MHP ve CHP’nin aldığı toplam belediye sayısını geçtiğini ve yüzde il genel meclisi seçimlerinde yüzde 39’luk oyla ‘güvenoyu’ aldığını savunsa da AKP’nin il genel meclisinde yüzde 40’ın altına düşmesi, iki önemli büyükşehiri kaybetmesi ve Ankara ile İstanbul’da başa baş mücadele yaşaması ‘irtifa kaybı’ olarak yorumlandı. Erdoğan, önceki gece seçim sonuçlarını değerlendirirken il genel meclisi bazında oy oranlarının CHP ve MHP’nin toplamından olduğunu söyleyerek bunu başarılarına kanıt gösterdi. Ancak, CHP (yüzde 23.19) ve MHP’nin (yüzde 16.13) oylarının toplamı olan yüzde 39.32, AKP’nin yüzde 38.93’lük oyunun üzerine çıktı.

Beklenmedik oy düşüşü
2009 yerel seçimlerinin en büyük sürprizi AKP’nin yaşadığı beklenmedik oy düşüşü oldu. 22 Temmuz 2007’deki milletvekili genel seçimlerinde yüzde 46.5’lik oy oranına ulaşan AKP, 2009 yerel seçimlerinde oyların yüzde 38.93’ünü alabildi. AKP, 2004’te 12 büyükşehir, 57 il ve 483 ilçede belediye başkanlığını kazanmışken, önceki gün 10 büyükşehir, 45 il ve 447 ilçeyi alabildi. Yüzde 68.41’le Konya, yüzde 60.99’la Kayseri, AKP’nin en çok oy aldığı iller oldu.
AKP 16 ili kaybetti. Geçen seçimlerde kazandığı Manisa, Balıkesir, Isparta, Uşak, Aydın, Adana, Osmaniye’yi MHP’ye, Tekirdağ, Aydın, Antalya, Giresun, Zonguldak’ı CHP’ye, Van ve Siirt’i DTP’ye, Sivas’ı BBP’ye, Yalova’yı da DP’ye kaptırdı. Şanlıurfa Belediye Başkanlığı da AKP aday göstermediği için seçimlere bağımsız katılan Ahmet Fakıbaba’nın oldu.

CHP İzmir’i vermedi, Antalya’yı aldı
CHP, 2004 yılında İzmir ve Mersin’in büyükşehir belediye başkanlığını kazanırken, son seçimlerde bunlara Antalya’yı da ekledi. İzmir CHP’nin kalesi konumunu sürdürürken, AKP’den geri aldığı Antalya’da yüzde 40.98 oy oranına ulaştı. 2004 yılında altı il ve 130 ilçe belediyesine sahip olan CHP, bu seçimlerde 10 il, 163 de ilçe kazandı. CHP bu seçimlerde Hatay hariç Akdeniz ve Marmara kıyı şeridindeki bütün illeri kazandı. Karadeniz’de Trabzon’u AKP’ye kaptırırken, Sinop ve Artvin’le Giresun’da başarıya uzandı. CHP il genel meclisi seçimlerinde oyların yüzde 23.19’ını alarak, 2007 yüzde 21 olan seçimlerine göre oylarını artırmayı başardı.

MHP oylarını iki puan artırdı
En büyük çıkışı MHP yaptı. MHP, bu seçimlerde il genel meclislerinde yüzde 16.13 oy alarak 2007 yerel seçimlerine oranla oylarını iki puan artırmayı başardı. MHP 2004’te ise yüzde 10.45’teydi. MHP 2004’te büyükşehir belediyesi kazanmazken, 2009’da Adana’yı aldı. MHP 2004 yılında sadece dört il ve 72 ilçede belediye yönetimi kazanırken bu seçimde dokuz ilin ve 128 ilçenin yönetimine geçti. MHP en çok oyu yüzde 49.33’le Kastamonu’da gördü. MHP lideri Bahçeli’nin memleketi Osmaniye bile bu orana ulaşamadı.
Seçimlerde başarıyla çıkan bir diğer parti de DTP oldu. DTP İl Genel Meclisi bazında yüzde 5.47 oy aldı. DTP, AKP’nin almak için büyük uğraş verdiği, Diyarbakır’ı kaptırmadı. DTP bir büyükşehir belediye başkanlığı, sekiz il, 50 de ilçe belediye başkanlığını kazandı. DTP Diyarbakır’da oyların yüzde 65.43’nı aldı. DTP’nin AKP’nin elinde bulunan Van ve Siirt Belediye Başkanlığı’nı alması da büyük sürpriz oldu.
Türkiye genelinde büyük bir başarı göstermese de DSP, bir büyükşehir, bir il ve 10 ilçe yönetimi almayı başardı. İl genel meclisi bazında yüzde 2.75 oy alan DSP, Eskişehir’i yüzde 51.35, Ordu’yu ise yüzde 52.68 gibi önemli oy oranlarıyla aldı.
İl genel meclisi bazında yüzde 3.72 oy alan Demokrat Parti (DP) Yalova’nın yanı sıra 38 ilçe kazandı. Yalova’yı 2004 seçimlerde, yüzde 30.25 oy oranıyla alan AKP bu seçimlerde yüzde 33.72’ye çıksa da başarıya ulaşamadı. Seçim öncesi lideri Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu’nu helikopter kazasında kaybeden BBP ise Yazıcıoğlu’nun memleketi Sivas’ta ipi göğüsledi. BBP 2004’te olduğu gibi yine üç ilçe belediye başkanlığını aldı. İl genel meclisinde oyu yüzde 2.22’de kaldı.
Yerel seçime yeni lideri Numan Kurtulmuş’la giren ve eski Başbakan Necmettin Erbakan’ın da desteği ile hareket eden Saadet Partisi ise 2004’ün de gerisine düştü. Saadet Partisi 23 ilçeyi kazanırken Anavatan dört ilçede ipi göğüsledi. Emek Partisi (EMEP) ile ÖDP de birer belediye başkanlığını kazandı.

‘AKP’deki oy düşüşü devam eder’
Radikal’e seçim sonuçlarını değerlendiren uzmanlar AKP’deki oy düşüşünün önümüzdeki seçimlerde de devam edeceği görüşünde.
Doç. Dr. Fikret Başkaya: AKP’nin 2002’den sonraki başarısı kendi gücünden ziyade bir alternatifin olmayışından kaynaklanıyor. AKP bundan sonra kan kaybetmeye devam eder ilk seçimlerde de muhalefete geçer. Aslında bu sonuçlar AKP’nin artık inişe geçtiğini gösteriyor.
Prof. Dr. Baskın Oran: Seçim sonucu AKP’yi yol ayrımına getirdi. AKP iki şekilde hareket edebilir, ya korkabilir. Korkarsa AB reformlarında zorlanır veya AB reformlarının kendisi için meşrutiyet getirici olduğuna inanır ve AB reformlarına devam eder. İnşallah ikincisi olur. Öte taraftan, CHP ve MHP’nin yükselmesi tamamen iktisadı bakımdan içine girilen kriz ve bu durumlarda milliyetçiliğin yükselmesiyle izah edilebilir. AKP birtakım çok ciddi saçmalıklar yapıyor. En baştan da turnusol kâğıdı haline gelen alkol yasakları. Bu tabi seküler olan insanları korkutuyor.
Prof. Dr. Kadir Cangızbay: Bu sonuçlar Erdoğan’ın üslubuna halkın verdiği cevaptır. Halk bu üsluptan nefret ediyor ve oylarını bir kısmını çekti. Bu bir uyarıdır. DTP kazandığı başarıyı ise Erdoğan’ın samimiyetsizliğine Kürtlerin namuslu bir tepkisi olarak değerlendiriyorum.

Monday, March 30, 2009

DTP Güneydoğu’da ezdi geçti

TRT Şeş açılımı, Botaş kuyularında faili meçhul cinayetleri aydınlatma girişimi, makarna, pirinç... Hiçbiri AKP’nin DTP’nin elindeki belediyeleri almaya yetmedi. DTP,?AKP’nin elindeki Van ve Siirt’i, MHP’deki Iğdır’ı aldı

İSTANBUL - Güneydoğu’daki sonuçlar, iktidar partisi AKP’nin ‘Dimyat’a pirince giderken, evdeki bulgurdan olduğunu’ gösterdi. Başbakan Tayyip Erdoğan’ın partisine verdiği “Mutlaka alın” talimatı Diyarbakır’da ters teperken, Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hüseyin Çelik’in seçim bölgesi Van ile Başbakan Erdoğan’ın ilk milletvekili seçildiği Siirt’de AKP başkanlığı DTP’ye kaptırdı.
Diyarbakır’da 2004 yerel seçimlerine yüzde 58.3 oy alan Osman Baydemir, “Hizmet siyaseti değil, kimlik siyaseti yapıyor” eleştirilerine karşın o oranını yüzde 65’in üzerine taşıyarak deyim yerindeyse DTP’nin oy patlaması yapmasını sağladı. Erdoğan DTP’nin “Diyarbakır kalemizdir” söylemini, “Bunların demokrasi anlayışları saltanattan farksız. Kendi partilerinde saltanat sürdükleri yetmezmiş gibi, şehirlerimizi de payitaht gibi görüyorlar” diye eleştirmişti. AKP’nin Diyarbakır’a bütün hatlarıyla yüklenmesi de, TRT Şeş ile gerçekleştirdiği Kürtçe açılımı da, seçime beş kala Botaş kuyularında yapılan kazılar da, dağıtılan makarnalar, beyaz eşyalar, nakdi yardımlar da oy olarak dönmedi. DTP’lilerin seçim sonuçları kısmen belli olduktan sonra yaptıkları açıklamalar da AKP’nin Kürt politikasının yenilgisi üzerineydi. Bir DTP’li, “Halk makarna siyasetine dur dedi. Kürtler, bu seçimi referanduma dönüştürerek birlik duygusuyla hareket etti” dedi.
Diyarbakır’da DTP’nin zaferi büyükşehir belediyesi ile de sınırlı olmadı. Örneğin DTP geleneğinin yıllardır alamadığı Kulp ilçesini AKP’nin elinden almayı başardı. AKP adayı Kutbettin Arzu’nun seçimleri kaybetmek dışında aldığı diğer büyük darbe de ailesinin yaşadığı ilçe olan Çınar’da DTP’nin zaferini ilan etmesiydi. DTP Diyarbakır’ın 17 ilçesinden 13’ünü de kazanarak AKP’yi bölgeden sildi. AKP sadece Hazro ilçesini aldı.

Van ve Siirt’te de DTP
DTP 2004 seçimlerinde belediye başkanlığını aldığı Diyarbakır, Batman, Tunceli, Hakkâri ve Şırnak’ı korurken, Van’da Abdullah Öcalan’ın avukatlarından Bekir Kaya, en yakın rakibi AKP’ye yüzde 15’e oranda fark attı. Bakan Çelik’in seçim bölgesi olan Van’da Çelik’in bizzat yürüttüğü seçim kampanyasına rağmen AKP’nin kaybetmesi bölgede uygulanan hükümet politikasının onaylanmadığına dair önemli bir işaret olarak değerlendirildi. Siirt’te ise eski DEP milletvekillerinden Selim Sadak’ı aday göstererek seçim yarışına hayli iddialı giren DTP, kıran kırana bir yarışla bu ili de AKP’nin elinden almayı başardı. Siirt’in DTP’ye kaptırılması, AKP açısından sadece Başbakan Erdoğan’ın ilk milletvekili seçildiği il olması yönünden değil, aynı zamanda Erdoğan’ın eşi Emine Erdoğan’ın memleketi olması itibarıyla da önemli. Iğdır’da MHP’de bulunan belediyeyi de DTP aldı. DTP il sayısını beşten sekize, ilçe sayısını 32’den 58’e çıkardı. (Radikal)

Stalingrad

Ismet Berkan

Bu satırları yazarken Türkiye genelinde sandıkların yarıdan epey fazlası açılmış durumda ve Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi ilk kez girdiği bir seçimde bir önceki seçime göre oy kaybetmiş durumda.
‘Stalingrad’ benzetmesi işte bu durumdan kaynaklanıyor. AKP’nin oy kaybedebileceğinin, yenilgiye uğratılabileceğinin en büyük delili bu sonuç.
Peki AKP kaybediyor da kim kazanıyor? Bu partinin başlıca rakibi olan Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ve Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi için tayin edici bir zaferden söz etmeye imkân yok. Evet iki partinin de oylarında ciddi artış var ama hâlâ AKP’nin düşmüş haline bile yaklaşmaktan uzaklar.
Her seçim, ister istemez pek çok ders verir bu dersleri almak isteyene. Bana soracak olursanız, bu seçimin üzerinde en çok konuşulacak olan ders konusu, AKP’nin uğradığı oy kaybıdır. Seçimi doğru okumak isteyen herkes, AKP’nin neden oy kaybına ve belediye başkanlığı kaybına uğradığını doğru tahlil etmek zorundadır.
Ben kendime göre bir dizi çıkarımda bulundum. Başlarına numara yazıyorum ama aslında bu bir öncelik veya önem sıralaması değil, benim aklıma geliş sırasıdır.
1. Ekonomik krizin etkilerini ve varlığını küçümsemek, krizden etkilenmeyi ‘işbilmezlik’le izaha yeltenmek, kendisine sunulan yapıcı önerileri bile ‘Sen git kendi işine bak’ diye hakaretle geri çevirmek, sandığa yansımış gibi gözüküyor. AKP’nin uğradığı oy kaybının en başta gelen nedeni ekonomik kriz ve onun etkileridir; hükümetin krizi yok sayıp onunla mücadele için hiçbir şey yapmamayı seçmiş olmasıdır.
2. Kavga etmek, bağırmak, yedi yıldır iktidarda olduğu halde hâlâ kendi mağduriyetine insanları inandırmaya çalışmak kimseye yaramıyor. Bu kavgacılık halinden en fazla zarar gören parti Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi oldu,
Başbakan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan partisine böyle bir zarar verdi.
3. Sokaktaki insanın gündelik hayatında elde ettiği ve çatışmadan yaşamayı başardığı hayat tarzlarıyla ilgili genel uzlaşmayı dış etkiyle bozmaya veya ‘düzeltmeye’ çalışmak tepkisini de gördü. AKP genel merkezi tarafından ‘başarılı’
gözüken kimi başkanların seçim kaybetmesinin ardında bu çeşit müdahale arayışları da aranmalıdır.
4. Değişimci, Türkiye’yi reforme edici, demokratikleştirici fonksiyonunu kaybettikçe AKP de oy kaybedecek, sıradan bir statüko partisi olarak varlığını sürdürebildikçe sürdürecektir. Sorun seçmende değil AKP’nin kendisini var eden temel kimlik özelliğini değiştirmesinde aranmalıdır.
5. Seçmeni tehdit ederek veya satınalmaya çalışarak ve bu arada ‘Ben sana buzdolabı veriyorum sen de bana oy verirsin’ diyerek hiçbir yere varılamayacağı, yardım ettiğini açıkça göstermenin bu toprakların töresine uymadığını, yardımın yapılacaksa bile gizlice, hiç kimseye göstermeden yapılması gerektiğini, zaten insan onuruna uygun olanın da bu olduğunu umarım AKP anlar.
İlk bakışta aklıma gelen
bu beş noktaya ilaveten bir de, bundan sonra neler olabileceği üzerinde durmak istiyorum:
AKP’nin önünde iki olası yol var:
1. Seçim sonuçlarını doğru okuyup ses tonunu düşürmek, yeniden reformcu-değişimci kimliğine geri dönmek, ülkedeki siyasi çatışma ortamını yumuşatıp muhalefetle daha fazla işbirliği olanakları aramaya başlamak, ekonomik krizle ilgili mümkün olan en geniş katılımlı
çare arayışına girer.
2. Seçim sonucunu yanlış okuyup mevcut kutuplaşma ortamını daha da katılaştıracak adımlar atmaya başlar, ekonomik krizin karşısına popülizmle çıkmaya karar verir, Meclis çoğunluğunu kullanarak ve muhalefeti hiçe sayarak Meclis’i tek yanlı çalıştırır.
Bugünden başlayarak seçim yapmak AKP’nin elinde. Bakalım hangi yöne gitmeyi seçecekler.

Seçim MHP’ye yaradı AKP irtifa kaybetti

En ciddi oy ve belediye sayısındaki artış MHP'de yaşandı. AKP il genel meclisinde beklediği başarıyı yakalayamadı


ANKARA - Türkiye genelinde hem belediye başkanlığı hem de il genel meclisinde partiler arasında kıran kırana bir mücadele yaşandı. AKP beklendiği gibi ikisinden de önde çıktı ama 2004 ve 2007'deki gücünü koruyamadı. Başbakan Tayyip Erdoğan, partisinin MHP ve CHP'nin aldığı toplam belediye sayısını geçtiğini ve "güvenoyu" aldığını belirtse de AKP'nin il genel meclisinde yüzde 40'ın altına düşmesi, bazı büyükşehir belediyelerini kaybetmesi ve Ankara ile İstanbul'da rahat alamaması "irtifa kaybı" olarak yorumlandı.

Belediye başkanlığı seçimlerinde AKP, 2004'te 12 büyükşehir, 46 il, ve 483 ilçede belediye başkanlığını kazanmışken, dünkü seçimler sonrasında Türkiye genelindeki sandıkların yüzde 93'nün açıldığı saatlerde 10 büyükşehir, 36 il ve 448 ilçe belediye başkanlığını kazanmış görünüyordu.
2004'de 2 büyükşehir 6 il, ve 130 ilçe belediyesine sahip olan CHP, bu kez 3 büyükşehir, 10 il ve 169 ilçe belediyesini elde etti.
En ciddi oy ve belediye sayısındaki artış MHP'de yaşandı. 2004'de sadece 4 il ve 72 ilçede belediye başkanlığını alan MHP bu kez bir büyükşehir, 8 il ve 126 ilçede belediye başkanı çıkardı.
Seçimlerin dördüncü partisi konumundaki DTP, 2004'de olduğu gibi Diyarbakır Büyükşehir Belediyesini bu kez de kazandı. DTP 2004'de 4 olan il belediye başkanlığı sayısını 7'ye, 32 olan ilçe belediye başkanlığını ise 50'ye yükseltti.
2004'de bir büyükşehir 2 il, 5 ilçe kazanan DSP, bu kez Eskişehir ve Ordu'daki iktidarını korurken Bartın'ı ise MHP'ye kaptırdı. Kazandığı ilçe sayısını da 10'ü yükseltti.
DP 2004'de olduğu gibi bu kez de bir il belediyesini kazandı. Ancak DP, 2004 kazandığı Elazığ'ı AKP'ye kaptırırken, Yalova'yı kazanma başarısını elde etti. DP'nin 2004'de 89 olan ilçe belediye başkanlığı sayısı ise 36'ya geriledi.
Seçim sürecinde Genel Başkanları Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu'nu helikopter kazasında kaybeden BBP ise Yazıcıoğlu'nun memleketi Sivas'ta ipi göğüsleyen parti oldu. BBP 2004'de olduğu gibi yine 3 ilçe belediye başkanlığını aldı.
Yerel seçime yeni lideri Numan Kurtulmuş ile giren ve eski Başbakan Necmettin Erbakan'ın da desteği ile hareket eden Saadet Partisi ise 2004'deki başarısızlığının da gerisine düştü.

İl genel meclisi
Saat 00.10 itibariyle açılan 136 bin 666 sandık sonuçlarına göre AKP; il genel meclisindeki oylarını 2004 yerel seçimlerine göre yaklaşık 2.5, 2007 genel seçimlerine göre ise yaklaşık 7.5 puan düşürdü. CHP 2004 yerel seçimlerine göre il genel meclisi oy oranını yaklaşık 4, 2007 genel seçimlerine göre ise yaklaşık 1.5 puanın üzerinde artırma başarısını gösterdi. Dün ortaya çıkan tabloya göre il genel meclisinde en karlı çıkan parti MHP oldu. MHP, 2004 yerel seçimlerine göre oylarını yaklaşık 6, 2007 genel seçimlerine göre yaklaşık 2 puan yükseltti.


Uzmanlara göre kayma başladı

Sosyolog Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata: Teknoloji kullanılan alanlarda bir işsizleme var ve bu işsizleşmenin özelliği, diğer kesimlere kıyasla çoğunun vasıflı işçidir. Çok daha rahat yaşayan, sosyal yardım, sadaka olgusunun dışında kalan bir kesimdir. Ben biraz onlardan gördüğüm kadarıyla oylarda kayma olduğunu düşünüyorum.

Tanıl Bora: Kimilerine göre bu seçim bir referandumdu. AKP'nin genel olarak politikalarını destekleyenler ve ona karşı olanlar; bir referandum bunun için yapıldı. İkincisi ise, Kürt meselesi ile ilgili. Kürt illerindeki seçimin doğrudan böyle bir refendum sonucu taşıdığı açık. Kimileri açısından Ergenekon davası ile ilgili bir referandum... Kimileri için böyle bir boyutu gerçekten var bu seçimin ama yerel boyutu da var. Bir çok yerde görülüyor ki, bütün tartışmalar şu veya bu şekilde yerel boyuta da eklemleniyor olabilir ama yerel tercihler de önemli. Bu kutuplaştırmaları, anlamlı bir kutuplaştırmaya dönüştürmek Türkiye'de siyasete iyi gelir diye düşünüyorum. BU iktisadi krizi, sosyal devletin bitmesinde, esas olarak yoksulluk meselesini... Bütün bunları bir temel mücadele ekseni haline getirmek daha anlamlı bir gerilimdir. Kürt meselesi açısından da bu böyle...
Uzun bir süredir özellikle büyükşehirlerde belediye başkanları bir tür yerel oligarklara dönüşmüş durumdalar. Kolay kolay yerlerinden edilememelerinin ve yerel güçlere dönüşmelerinin etkisini hesaba katmak lazım.
İkincisi, kadın adaylar ve seçilen kadın adaylara bakarsak galiba gerilemiş durumda. Her koşulda çok az..(Radikal)

“Bi daha da gitmem seçime...”

Can Dundar

“Seçmen sağduyusu” diye bir şey varsa, onun ortaya çıktığı bir seçim oldu 2009...
İlk değerlendirmede birçok açıdan hayırlı olduğunu söylemek mümkün.
Bu ülke, tek parti egemenliğini sevmiyor.
Tek lider olmaya soyunanlara yüz vermiyor.
Gerilim siyasetini cezalandırıyor.
“Ceketi koysam seçtiririm” tavrını affetmiyor.
“Şuraları istiyorum” diyene hiçbirini vermiyor.
“Mağrur olma padişahım, senden büyük Allah var” sözü boşa söylenmiş değil.
Halkın çok güçlü bir fren-gaz mekanizması var; sırtını sıvazlayıp “Hadi” dediği birileri fazla ileri gitti mi, anında “van minüt” diye onu ceketinden çekiyor.
Bu tavır, bir tek parti-tek adam diktasına gitmemizi de engelliyor.
* * *
Erdoğan, “Türkiye partisi” olmak için 3 kesime mavi boncuk dağıttı:
Bunlar 3 bölgedeki rakiplerinin tabanıydı aynı zamanda:
Büyük kentlerdeki, sahillerdeki laiklere İzmir’deki, Çankaya’daki türden liberal adaylarla farklı bir kimlik sundu.
İç Anadolu’daki milliyetçi-muhafazakâr kesime “Türküm demeyen gitsin bu ülkeden” mesajı verdi.
Güneydoğu’da Kürtlere, bir yandan Kürtçe TV açarken bir yandan da “Kimliği boş verin, hizmete bakın” dedi.
Farklı kesimlere zıt mesajlar vermenin faturası ne oldu?
Hepsini birden kaybetti.
Büyük kentler, ekonomik krizin ve işsizliğin faturasını da ekleyip ciddi darbe vurdu iktidar partisine... İzmir hüsranı, İstanbul sürprizi, Antalya yenilgisi, Beyoğlu ricatı bunun göstergesidir.
Milliyetçiler, TRT Şeş’e kızıp MHP’yi seçerken, Kürtler, TRT Şeş’i izleyip DTP’yi seçti.
Güneydoğu, sorununun ekonomik değil, siyasi olduğunu anlattı. Türkiye’nin 4. partisi yaptığı DTP’yi Kürt sorununun muhatabı olarak gösterdi.
Seçmen “Sadaka istemem, kalsın” dedi.
Tunceli, eşyaları hükümetten aldı; oyunu başkasına verdi.
Beyaz eşyalı, kömürlü, nakitli yardımlar kadar “Bize vermezseniz hizmet gelmez” şantajının da cezalandırıldığı bir seçim oldu bu aynı zamanda...
Bu sonuç, AKP’yi (ilk dönem ANAP’ını andıran) o koalisyon halinden gerçek parti hüviyetine döndürmeye yarayacaktır ki o dönüş, ANAP’ın erimesinin başlangıcı olmuştu.
2009 da AKP için sonun başlangıcı olacağa benziyor.
* * *
Birkaç ders de başkalarına:
CHP, akıllıca davranarak bu kez seçim kampanyasını laiklik değil, yolsuzluklar üzerine kurdu. “Şeriat geliyor” feryadı, son iki seçimdir AKP’nin ekmeğine yağ sürüyordu. Muhtemelen Deniz Feneri dosyası, “Türkiye laiktir” sloganından da, çarşaf açılımından da çok daha etkili oldu. CHP, milliyetçi söyleminin bedelini ise Güneydoğu’da sıfırlanarak ödedi.
Bir mesaj da askere:
Geçen seçimin hemen arifesinde gelen bir e-muhtıra, tepki oyları yaratarak AKP’yi hak etmediği bir zafere götürmüştü. Bu kez asker sustu. Ödünç verilen tepki oyları da gerçek sahiplerine döndü. Siyaset normalleşti.
İlk sonuçları değerlendiren Erdoğan, bu sonuçtan ders almışa benziyordu; dileriz uzlaşmanın önemini anlamıştır.
Sırf bu bile, anayasa paketinin Meclis’e gelmesinden önce önemli derstir.
İki muhalefet partisinin toplam oyu iktidar partisine eşitlendi.
Yarından itibaren Türkiye erken seçimi konuşmaya başlar.
Erdoğan koltuğundan kalkıp “Bi daha da gitmem seçime” dese yeridir.

Türkleri kestik’ diyen Yunan profesöre tepki

Yunanistan’da Atina Pandion Üniversitesi profesörü Aleksis İraklidis, 25 Mart bağımsızlık bayramı arifesinde Anadolu’ya saldıran Yunanlıların 1919’da Türklere Sırpların Bosna’da yaptıklarının benzerleri yaptıklarını söyleyince sert tepkilere hedef oldu

İraklidis, Alfa televzyonuna demecinde, “Ankara’ya kadar her yerde alevler yükseliyordu. Öldürüyor, kesiyorlardı. Tam bir dehşet. Yunanlı olduğuna utanıyorsun” dedi. Kıbrıs kökenli profesöre ‘Asya Minor Dernekleri Federasyonu başkanı Eftimios Arzoglu “Bu adam solucan. Tedbirleri alıp düşmana karşı koyarsın. Koynumuzda yılan besliyorsan ne olacak” diye çattı. Meslektaşı Yorgos Kunduriotis, İraklidis için “Türk miliyetçiliğinin çanağıdır” derken, tarihçi Sarandos Kargakis “Bunlar vatan haini” diye konuştu.

AKP’ye bazen ‘takdir’, bazen ‘tekdir’ gerek

22/03/2009

BASKIN ORAN

Geçen hafta bir açıkoturumdaydım. Konu, AKP’nin değerlendirilmesi. Zaten son yazım, şimdi tahmin etmiş olabileceğiniz gibi, oradaki konuşmamın özeti idi. Bu gibi toplantılara konuşmacılar, malum, hazırlanıp gelirler. Konu hakkındaki görüşlerini, dikkatli (ve dolayısıyla, tutarlı) bir biçimde anlatırlar. Esas olay ise soru-cevap bölümündedir. Konuşmacı sıkıştırılır. Kafasının ardındakileri (bazen, bilinçaltındakileri) de anlatması istenir. Esas düşüncesi ortaya cilasız-makyajsız döktürülür.
Bu açıkoturumda da bunun bir örneğine tanık olduk. AKP’yi öven bir konuşmacı, bir soruya cevaben, çoğu muhafazakâr olan dinleyicilerden birçoğunu da şaşırttığını tahmin ettiğim bir şey söyledi: “Zaten, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu kendini toparlamaya başlamıştı. Cumhuriyet olmasa bugün daha ileride olurduk”.
Fevkalade tartışmalı bir ideoloji olan Kemalizm’in tek tartışılmayan ilkesi olan Cumhuriyetçilik hakkında böyle düşünülmesi çok ilginçti ama, ben bu söze şaşırdım diyemem. Çünkü aynı konuşmacı, geçen hafta dediğim gibi, Mazlum-der’in “Kim olursa olsun mazlumdan yana ve kim olursa olsun zalime karşı” ilkesini şiar edinmenin “sakıncalarını” yazmıştı. Bazı mekanizmalar, demişti, Darfur’da yaşananları bir anda dünyanın gündemine birinci öncelikli insanî sorun gibi yansıttı. Darfur’da yaşananlar, demişti, “petrol bölgelerine şehvetli bir iştahla yaklaşan batılı ülkelerin” eseridir.

Alt kadronun bilinçaltı
Farkında mısınız, aslında bu durumun tersine de çok rastlarız. Yani soru soranların da bilinçaltlarını ortaya döktüklerine. Bu açıkoturumda bunu da yaşadık. AKP’nin özellikle belediyeler marifetiyle içkiyi yavaş ama kararlı biçimde yasaklamasını bu partinin demokrasi anlayışı için bir “turnesol kağıdı” olarak nitelendirdiğimde, bir öğretmen söz aldı:
“Dövülen bakkal meselesi münferit örnek olmalı. Ben Aydınlıkevler’de oturuyorum, ana caddede en azından 15 kuruyemişçi var. Bunlardan 14’ü içki de satıyordu. Mahalle sakinleri olarak birine gittik, ‘Yahu, biz içki satmayan bir dükkandan kuruyemiş alamayacak mıyız?’ demek zorunda kaldık. Adam sonunda satmamaya başladı. Yoksa alışveriş yapmayacaktık ondan. Şimdi, bizim bu ülkede içki satmayan bir dükkandan alışveriş yapmaya hakkımız olamayacak mı?”
Soru (daha doğrusu, beyan) sahibi, Türkçeye çevrilirse, şunu söylüyor: “Demokrasi varsa, herkes ne istiyorsa o olur. İçki içmek senin hakkın, yasaklatmak da benim hakkım. Kim orada daha kalabalıksa” Tabii, bu sözleri, bir de, kullanılan terminoloji ışığında yeniden okuyunuz: “Bizim mahallede Romanlar da var. Nitelemeye zorlanıyorum. Hani, Esmer Vatandaşlar...”

‘Kasabalı demokrasi’ anlayışı
AKP Türkiye’de değişmesi çok zor dediğimiz birçok şeyi olumlu yönde değiştirdi. Biraz nefes almamızı sağlayan AB Uyum Paketlerinin en önemlilerini geçirdi. Bunlardan önce Azınlık Raporu mu yazılabilirdi; gayrimüslim vakıflarının malları mı tapuya tescil edilebilirdi; Kürtçe dil kursları mı açılabilirdi; Özür Kampanyası mı yapılabilirdi? TRT-Şeş’i yağdan kıl çeker gibi açıvermesinin ne kadar önemli olay olduğunu asıl bundan sonra göreceğiz. Kıbrıs olayını Türkiye’nin başına tebelleş etmiş bir Denktaş’ı 2002 sonunda iktidara gelir gelmez tarihin arşivine göndermesini unutmuş gibiyiz; diyebiliyorsanız az hizmetti deyin. Ermenistan ilişkiler şimdiye kadar hiçbir hükümetin cesaret edemediği biçimde normalleştirilme yolunda. Devlet hastanelerinden valiliklerine kadar her türlü bürokrasinin halka muamelesi çok yumuşadı. Bütün bunlar bu partiye “takdir” gerektiriyor.
Ama AKP’lilerin “demokrasi” anlayışının bilinçaltına iniverince bir noktaya gelip dayanma diye bir olay var. Bu insanı ürkütüyor. Demokratların AKP’yi gerektiğinde “tekdir” etmeleri (azarlamaları) hem Türkiye hem de bu parti için çok önemli.
Hiç merak etmeyin. Yüz yıllık laik Türkiye’de içki miçki yasaklanamaz; bunu 19. yüzyılda sapına kadar püriten Amerika bile yapamadı. Olsa olsa, bu tür bir “demokrasi” anlayışı, şu andaki güçlü durumunu diğer büyük partilerle mukayese edilemeyecek kadar çağdaş bir fotoğraf vermesine borçlu olan AKP’yi sonunda silip götürür. Asıl tehlikeli olan şudur ki, geçen haftaki yazımda anlattığım nedenlerle yani asker’i ve asker zihniyetli “sivil”leri dolaylı olarak güçlendirdiği için Türkiye’ye çok zarar verir.
Ne o? Yoksa AKP’nin diğer büyük partilerle ve hele de CHP’yle mukayese edilemeyecek kadar çağdaş fotoğraf verdiğine bir itirazınız mı var yoksa? Yoksa siz “Muasır Medeniyet” deyince 1930’ları mı bellemişlerdensiniz? Kemalizm’in din’den, sizin de “dinci”lerden ne farkınız kalmış oluyor bu durumda?

Üst kadronun ‘bilinçüstü’
Daha önce de çok yazdım; bu “kasabalı demokrasi” anlayışı AKP’nin burjuvalaşması sonucu zamanla “insana alışacak” (hey gidi o enfes, ama burada anlatamayacağım fıkra!). Ama AKP’nin bu burjuvalaşması başka ve çok önemli bir mazarrat çıkarabilir; buna da derhal şiddetli bir “tekdir” gerekiyor. Cumhurbaşkanı Gül, Afrika gezisinde, Sudan diktatörü El Beşir’i eleştirenlere karşı çıktı. Asistan arkadaşım Nuri’nin dikkatime getirdiği şu gerekçeyle:
“Sudan çok büyük ekonomik potansiyeli olan bir ülke. Ne yapacaktık biz, sırtımızı mı çevirecektik? Türk işadamlarının orada çok büyük yatırımları var. Bir Türk firması bir köprü yaptı, efsane!” (Hürriyet, 24.02.09).
AKP’nin emperyalist ABD’den ne farkı kalmış oluyor bu durumda?

Thursday, March 26, 2009

Turkish generals to face coup trial

Two senior retired generals will face trial accused of plotting to overthrow Turkey’s government, after an Istanbul court agreed on Wednesday to hear a case linking 56 more people to a clandestine group of ultranationalists.

Liberals hope the widening investigation into the network, known as Ergenekon, will mark an end to a “deep state” culture of military coups and mysterious killings masterminded by well-connected bureaucrats, officers and civilians.

Prosecutors are seeking life imprisonment for Sener Eruygur and Hursit Tolon, retired four star generals and, respectively, the former head of the paramilitary gendarmerie and the former army commander, charging them with founding a terrorist group to overthrow parliament.

A copy of the indictment was published on Wednesday. The court will begin hearing the case on July 20 and decide whether to merge it with the continuing trial, according to the Anatolian news agency.

Eighty six people, many known for their strong nationalist views and opposition to the governing Justice and Development party, are charged with belonging to an organisation that planned bombings and assassinations to provoke a military coup.

But Wednesday's indictment is more explicitly political, suggesting the prosecutor is willing to delve into the events surrounding Abdullah Gul’s appointment as president in 2007, when secularists organised demonstrations to protest at the choice of a politician who was once overtly Islamist. It also reaches senior levels of a military previously all but immune from prosecution.

Czech threat to Lisbon treaty

Ratification of the European Union’s reform treaty could be made more difficult by the fall of the Czech government and its knock-on effect for the EU presidency, which is held by Prague, officials warned on Wednesday.

In Strasbourg, Alexandr Vondra, Czech deputy prime minister, said Prague’s ratification of the Lisbon treaty, which requires the approval of all 27 countries in the EU bloc, could be more problematic after Tuesday night’s vote of no confidence.

“The ratification process is on track . . . but it will be a lot more difficult now to convince people to vote in favour,” he said at the European parliament.

The Czech upper house had been expected to vote on the treaty next month. But there were some suggestions on Wednesday that this might now be postponed because of the fluid domestic situation.

In Ireland, meanwhile, Micheal Martin, foreign minister was reported as saying the development made his country’s talks over revisions ahead of new referendum on the Lisbon treaty “more complex”.

The treaty was vetoed in a referendum in Ireland last year but the country agreed to hold a second vote provided certain guarantees, in areas such as tax policy and military ventures, were forthcoming. These discussions were being held with the Czech Republic in its capacity as holder of the rotating EU presidency.

“Now we have to see how things evolve with the Czech presidency and who we will be negotiating with . . . that’s a bit more complex than we would have anticipated,” the Irish minister said.

However, José Manuel Barroso, the European Commission president, urged countries not to let the treaty fall victim to local political forces. “It should not be used as a weapon on domestic issues,” he said.

In Brussels, senior EU officials continued to insist that the Czechs would continue to hold and run the presidency in “business as usual” fashion. They pointed out that this was not the first time that a national government had fallen in the course of holding the rotating office.

Mirek Topolanek, in his role as caretaker prime minister, will greet Barack Obama, the US president, as planned when they met in Prague on April 5, for instance.

But after an already bumpy and crisis-strewn start to the Czech presidency, some diplomats seemed to be concerned that the next three months could be even more ineffectual, especially in the area of foreign policy.

The timing is also particularly unkind, with the economic crisis continuing to pose big challenges for the bloc and the timing of the parliamentary elections in June meaning that some key legislation needs to be sorted out before then and texts agreed between member states and lawmakers.

EU leader condemns US ‘road to hell’

European Union hopes for a new era in relations with the US were thrown into chaos on Wednesday when the holder of the EU presidency condemned American remedies for the global recession as “the road to hell”.

Barely a week before Barack Obama is due to arrive in Europe on his first official visit as US president, Mirek Topolanek, the Czech Republic’s prime minister, put the 27-nation EU on a collision course with Washington.

His attack compounded the confusion that has engulfed EU policy after the Czech leader lost a no-confidence vote in the country’s parliament on Tuesday, forcing him to offer his government’s resignation midway through its six-month EU presidency.

Mr Topolanek said EU leaders had been disturbed at a summit in Brussels last week to hear calls from Tim Geithner, the US Treasury secretary, for more aggressive policies to fight the global downturn.

“The US Treasury secretary talks about permanent action and we, at our spring council, were quite alarmed at that . . . The US is repeating mistakes from the 1930s, such as wide-ranging stimuluses, protectionist tendencies and appeals, the Buy American campaign, and so on,” he told a European parliament session in Strasbourg. “All these steps, their combination and their permanency, are the road to hell.”

US officials made no comment on the remarks. But the Obama administration says it took great pains to ensure that the Buy American provisions in the $787bn (€579bn) stimulus that the president signed into law last month were consistent with World Trade Organisation rules. It followed, therefore, that any attempt to make them permanent would continue to be consistent with WTO rules.

EU diplomats said it was the most extraordinary outburst from a political leader in charge of running the EU’s affairs since Silvio Berlusconi, Italy’s prime minister, caused uproar in 2003 when he likened a German socialist member of the European parliament to a Nazi concentration camp guard.

Other leaders of EU member states, including Angela Merkel, Germany’s chancellor, disagree with US calls for big fiscal stimuli to battle the recession. But they have couched their opposition in more diplomatic language than Mr Topolanek’s.

The Czech leader was speaking eight days before Mr Obama was due to arrive in London for a G20 summit of the world’s developed and emerging economies.

After the summit and a Nato meeting in France and Germany, the US president is due to fly to Prague for an EU-US summit, at which the Czech Republic will represent all 27 member states.

Relations between the Obama administration and Mr Topolanek’s government have been delicate in recent weeks because of signals from Washington that Mr Obama may reassess plans to deploy parts of a US anti-missile shield in the Czech Republic, a project to which the Topolanek government has been committed.

Mr Obama has vigorously opposed the view that the Great Depression was caused by too much spending, rather than too little, a view held by a small handful of rightwing economists.

Wednesday, March 25, 2009

Olympic Airlines cleared for revival

Greece on Monday transferred control of Olympic Airlines to an Athens-based investment company that has pledged to restore the loss-making flag-carrier to its glory days under its legendary founder, the shipowner Aristotle Onassis.

Marfin Investment Group agreed to pay €177.2m for Olympic in direct negotiations with the government, after the failure in January of an international tender to find a strategic investor.

MIG was chosen over Aegean Airlines, a profitable private Greek airline that last year carried more passengers than Olympic. Aegean’s last-minute bid was ruled out on competition grounds

“This is a one-off opportunity to rebuild a famous brand,” said a MIG spokesman. “We’re taking over Olympic without debts or liabilities.”

The European Commission has given the green light for MIG to acquire Olympic, ending years of disputes over illegal aid payments by successive Greek governments.

The Commission last year opened the way for the carrier’s privatisation by approving the write-off of more than €2.6bn in accumulated debt and suspending court action over the repayment of €850m in state aid.

Founded by Andreas Vgenopoulos, a flamboyant entrepreneur in the Onassis tradition, MIG has built an investment portfolio that includes a leading passenger ferry operator, a hotel chain and private hospitals in Greece, Turkey and the Balkans.

Its biggest shareholder is Dubai Financial Group, an investment vehicle controlled by the Gulf state.

Mr Vgenopoulos has poached three senior Aegean executives to run Olympic’s flight operations, ground-handling and technical base. They are expected to re-hire the majority of its 4,500-strong workforce.

The government will pay compensation or offer jobs elsewhere in the public sector to employees made redundant.

MIG will take over Olympic’s day-to-day operations from April 1, the official start of the summer tourist season, before officially taking over ownership of the airline in October.

The new managers face an uphill task to turn around one of the European Union’s worst-performing airlines amid a global downturn.

The Commission ruled as part of its settlement with Greece that Olympic’s network must shrink by 35 per cent to allow increased competition.

Tourist arrivals, Olympic’s main revenue source, are projected to fall this year by 15-20 per cent.

Olympic makes losses of around €2m a day, while its fleet has an average age of almost 15 years compared to less than two years for Aegean. Its only profitable routes are to Greek islands that qualify for a public service subsidy from Brussels.

Mr Vgenopoulos declined to give details of MIG’s business plan, but associates said Olympic planned to offer high-end services on some European routes – echoing the 1960s when Onassis ran Olympic as his private airline, with a French chef on board and flight attendants in uniforms designed by a Paris fashion house.

Turkish election offers hope for Kurds

Plumes of smoke rose above the fields around Diyarbakir, in Turkey’s Kurdish south-east, from fires lit to mark the traditional festival of Newruz. Under spring sunshine, families picnicked and dancers stamped in circles as Kurdish singers took the stage before a crowd of hundreds of thousands.

The peaceful celebration shows how far the region has come since the early 1990s, when violence between the army and the separatist Kurdistan Workers party (PKK) was at its height and Newruz was a flashpoint for clashes between demonstrators and security forces.

Diyarbakir has become one of Turkey’s hottest electoral battlegrounds. The ruling Justice and Development party (AKP) is fighting to dislodge the Kurdish Democratic Society party (DTP) mayor in municipal polls this weekend. Both sides say the result could accelerate efforts to end the conflict.

“Turkey’s on the right route ... but it’s following it slowly,” says Galip Ensarioglu, chairman of Diyarbakir’s chamber of commerce.

In recent months, Turkish state television has begun broadcasting in the once-banned Kurdish language, an important step for a minority that accounts for almost a fifth of Turkey’s 70m population.

The AKP has pledged to pump money into the south-east’s threadbare economy. The PKK is fighting a rearguard action from hideouts in the Qandil mountains of Northern Iraq. There has been no violence inside Turkey for three months.

Warming relations with Iraq could lead to a breakthrough. Abdullah Gul, the first Turkish president to visit Baghdad in more than 30 years, this week broke a taboo in referring to the “Kurdistan regional administration” in northern Iraq.

Jalal Talabani, the Iraqi president and himself a Kurd, called for the rebels to disarm or leave Iraq. Iraqi Kurdish leaders will soon convene a security conference that could call for an amnesty and an end to the PKK’s armed struggle.

But first, Turkey’s government will have to persuade Kurds that it can protect their rights better than the insurgents, while reassuring other voters it is not caving in to terrorism.

The municipal campaign in the south-east is being fought for higher stakes than just city services. AKP victories in the south-east could “increase the chances for Ankara to ... clarify its intentions”, especially on the timing and scope of an amnesty for PKK members, says Yavuz Baydar, a commentator.

But the DTP looks set to hold on to its strongholds. Many in Diyarbakir are frustrated that the AKP, wary of provoking opponents, has not used its majority in parliament to make constitutional changes that would allow minorities greater rights and make it easier for Kurdish deputies to win seats. “What are they waiting for? They don’t need anyone’s support,” said Sezgin Tanrikulu, a human rights lawyer.

Yet a convincing DTP win could strengthen the party, under threat of closure for links to the PKK, as a political alternative to violence. Osman Baydemir, Diyarbakir’s mayor, said it would force other politicians to take DTP deputies, ostracised since their election to parliament in 2007, more seriously.

But the DTP looks neither willing nor able to press the PKK rebels to abandon their fight for an ethnic homeland.

Leyla Zana, who spent years in jail for her firebrand speeches, won cheers from Saturday’s crowds when she reproached Mr Talabani for suggesting disarmament and said an amnesty should be the last stage in the process.

In Ankara, politicians in suits leapt awkwardly over Nevruz fires to signal official acceptance of a festival once considered subversive. But in Diyarbakir, the local AKP candidate, Kutbettin Arzu, has an uphill task to win voters. Men in a smoke-filled teahouse on the city outskirts are adamant in their support for the DTP.

“We won’t vote for any other party,” said Abidin, whose village survived the army’s scorched earth tactics in the 1990s. They make little secret of their sympathy for the PKK fighters. “If you go to Qandil mountains,” says the waiter, “say hello to our friends.”

Gathering storm

For the past 20 years, foreign businesspeople working in central and eastern Europe have seen unremitting progress in local business conditions, particularly in the 10 states that joined the European Union in 2004.

The modernisation of laws, regulations and commercial practices, integration with western Europe, huge investments in infrastructure, and, above all, rapid economic growth have transformed the business environment.

But now the global economic crisis has added a new dimension of difficulties. The crisis is hitting the region principally through the financial sector. The west European banks that dominate the market are suffering unprecedented difficulties refinancing themselves, both for their day-to-day operations and for capital to boost their balance sheets to cope with increases in bad debts.

Credit growth has slowed dramatically, leaving companies, particularly smaller enterprises, desperately short of cash. As in western Europe, businesses are increasingly cautious about choosing clients and suppliers, and setting contract terms. Companies prefer to trust the counterparties they know best, making it even harder for newcomers to break into the market.

While all of these challenges have also emerged in western Europe, they are much more acute in some east European states, particularly those most dependent on foreign financing.

Katinka Barysch, deputy director of the Centre for European Reform, a think-tank, writes in a recent report: “The traditional central and east European growth model appears to be broken, at least for now.”

But it is important to keep in mind that the region is composed of states with increasingly different business environments. As the common communist starting point fades into history, economic conditions come under the influence of more recent policymaking. In Hungary, for example, successive years of high government borrowing helped drive the country into economic crisis and forced it to seek an emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund.

By contrast, its central European peers – Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia – ran tighter budgets and have weathered the storm better. Slovakia, like Slovenia, has the added advantage of being in the eurozone.

As Manfred Wimmer, chief financial officer of Erste Group, the Austrian bank which has extensive east European operations, says: “What’s been lost in this crisis, very often, has been the ability of people to differentiate.”

For foreign businesspeople new to the region, the challenges are particularly relevant. Government agencies and chambers of commerce are aware of the problems and are offering to help with information and contacts. Nevertheless, as in western Europe, the authorities are finding it difficult to counteract the caution in the market place, especially in the crucial banking sector.

Foreign investment is shrinking dramatically. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ umbrella group, estimates that private capital flows to emerging Europe (including Russia and Turkey) shrank from £283bn in 2007 to £183bn in 2008, and just £21bn so far this year. The turnround in banking finance makes a dramatic contribution to these totals: dropping from an inflow of £156bn in 2007 to one of £88bn last year to a forecast net outflow of £19bn this year.

And yet, there is business to be done in these conditions. The credit crunch is driving down asset prices, with debt-laden owners forced to do deals or sell out altogether at valuations they would have found laughable a year ago.

Those owners who can afford to wait for better times will do so, but others cannot. For cash-rich investors this creates a rare chance to invest in the region, at prices not seen for years. Industrial companies, private equity funds and rich individuals are all sniffing around in the hope of snapping up a bargain.

Among them is, for example, Zdenek Bakala, a Czech entrepreneur. His coal company, New World Resources, is buying a 25 per cent stake in Ferrexpo, the Ukrainian iron ore group, from Kostyantin Zhevago, Ferrexpo’s controlling shareholder, after Mr Zhevago came under financial pressure and had to sell the stock.

The same arguments apply in trade. Companies were raising prices for their products a year ago but are now under pressure to cut prices. In comparison with western European companies, they may find this easier to do because they are more flexible, having lived through a series of mini-crises in the past two decades.

Lower wage costs, for example, were one reason Dell, the US computer maker, decided to cut operations in Ireland and move them to an existing site in Poland. The sharp decline in eastern European currencies has also increased the competitiveness of the region’s exporters.

Meanwhile, the crisis has had little impact on the ease of doing business in the region – in terms of dealing with officialdom and red tape. But this may not last, if governments increase their role in the economy. As the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development noted in its annual review last autumn: “While there has been no serious backtracking on reform in any transition country during the past year, there have been worrying instances of the state taking a more intrusive role in key sectors of the economy, notably in Russia.”

After years of reform, conditions in the most advanced east European states are now approaching west European levels. The World Bank reported last summer that Slovakia, the top-rated east European state, came 36th on a global list of countries ranked by the ease of setting up companies and similar functions, only nine places behind Austria. Hungary was not far behind in 41st place. Admittedly the east European “tail” is rather long, with the Czech Republic ranked 75th, Poland 76th and Ukraine 145th. And the World Bank does not capture the whole picture. Bulgaria and Romania do well on its criteria, ranking 45th and 47th, but they have a poor reputation for fighting corruption.

Some observers fear that if the state’s economic role increases, it could make life more difficult for businesses, particularly newcomers with little knowledge of domestic bureaucratic practices. Pavol Demes, a former Slovak foreign minister and head of the central and east European office of the German Marshall Fund, a US think-tank, says that people are beginning “to question” liberal democracy, market economics and the loose regulatory frameworks of recent years.

Ivan Krastev, head of the Centre for Liberal Studies, a Bulgarian think-tank, warns that the crisis is undermining the people who were the strongest supporters of the globalisation drive and creating opportunities for inward-looking politically oriented rivals. “The worst hit are the best integrated, best managed and most westernised companies,” he says.

But, for the moment, these risks should not be exaggerated. Countries inside the EU will be obliged to continue operating within the single market’s rules. Candidate countries will have to stick to these regulations too, or jeopardise their accession hopes. While populist leaders may demand, for example, protectionist policies, east European governments will have to bear in mind that they are currently significant beneficiaries of EU aid programmes, financed by west European states.

For multinational businesses, the principal attraction of the region remains: low-cost, high-skilled labour inside the huge EU market. Even in the depths of the crisis, companies are intensely aware of this.

Sergio Marchionne, chief executive of Fiat, the Italian carmaker, recently pointed out that the group’s one Polish factory makes 400,000 cars a year, while the six Italian plants together produce 600,000. “This is offensive,” he told an Italian newspaper.

It may also become unsustainable.

Stefan Wagstyl is eastern Europe editor

The world needs an unbiased risk assessor

Policymakers are increasingly calling for the creation of an early warning system to prevent future breakdowns of the global economy. But so far no one has answered the key questions of who would operate such a system and how it could work. If crises are to be detected and dealt with promptly, those charged with the task must be able to speak clearly and with authority.

Any forthright, disinterested assessment of the global economic system’s stability requires two sorts of independence. First, the institution making the analysis and judgments must not have anything other than its own reputation riding on its assessment; in particular, its own policies or lending should not be shaped in any way by its judgment. That means it should not have any policy or lending facilities. Thus it cannot be part of the existing international financial institutions (IFIs), all of which are policymaking, governmental or lending institutions.

Second, the institution must be independent of the big countries or parts of the global economic system that might contribute to future instability. Therefore it cannot be subject to interference by the board of the institution. That means that its assessments cannot be part of the IFIs in their current form, or indeed any form that may emerge from reform proposals. The fact is, main shareholders, through their board membership, always interfere in any statement that they think might be interpreted as critical of their country.

Those who have served in the IFIs at a senior level (in my case for a decade in the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank) will know how hard it is to make judgments about important economies without the direct and indirect intervention of board members or their staff, often on explicit instructions from their home capitals. It would be impossible to have frank and clear assessments of economic risks if such politically motivated board interventions or editing were possible.

We must not delude ourselves that this task of fostering stability could be performed by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Financial Stability Forum, the Bank for International Settlements or any future form of such institutions. John Maynard Keynes foresaw the inevitability of such interference from the board clearly as he shaped those institutions at Bretton Woods in 1944. Experience has shown the wisdom of his prescience. Separation of the assessment from board interference is crucial.

What would be required? The structure of any new institution follows directly from the need for the two types of independence. Further, the impact of its assessment of sources of instability will depend on the quality of its analysis, so it must be staffed by first-rate officials. Its task would be to warn explicitly of the key sources of future instability and, in doing so, put pressure on decision-makers in government or key private institutions.

With 100 high-quality staff and outstanding leadership, such an institution could be very effective. A budget of $20m (€15m, £14m) per annum would be sufficient. An endowment of $500m would give it the independence it needs for 30 years or more. Its board would be advisory, non-resident and meet not more than twice a year. The board would have the power to appoint the head (for, say, a seven-year term) and ensure its finances are well managed. It would have no power to interfere with, or comment on, its assessments.

It should be led by someone with outstanding economic credentials, who has strong policy experience at a senior level and who will be respected for taking a position independent of his or her country of origin. Examples of possible leadership, focusing on countries that are not part of the Group of Eight industrialised nations (this need not be a requirement, provided the individual has a strong international perspective), include: Montek Singh Ahluwalia (India), Leszek Balcerowicz (Poland), Kemal Dervis (Turkey), Francisco Gil Díaz (Mexico), Stanley Fischer (Israel) and Trevor Manuel (South Africa).

Tinkering with existing institutions cannot provide the independence we need. The politically sensitive task of warning about growing systemic risks can be delivered only by a new institution. We can create one at a cost that is very modest in relation to the dangers we face. As we witness the extreme consequences of getting it wrong, now is the time for action.

The writer is IG Patel Professor of Economics & Government, LSE, and is formerly chief economist of the EBRD (1994-99) and World Bank (2000-03). His book A Blueprint for a Safer Planet will be published on April 2

Global Insight: EU must find courage to enlarge

The 2004-2007 enlargement of the European Union from 15 to 27 countries is an achievement of which all EU governments should be proud. But the outlook for future enlargement is darkening, thanks to some pig-headed behaviour among members and applicant states.

Consider the manifesto that Germany’s Christian Democrats – the party of Angela Merkel, chancellor – adopted last week for June’s European parliament elections. It says that, because the EU’s latest expansion required such formidable efforts, “the CDU stands for a phase of consolidation, during which the strengthening of the European Union’s identity and institutions takes precedence over further EU enlargement”.

True, the CDU makes an exception for Croatia, whose admission it would not delay. But Croatia’s membership bid is in trouble anyway. That is because Slovenia, hoping to force concessions from its former Yugoslav neighbour in a bilateral maritime border dispute, paralysed Croatia’s accession negotiations in December. Nationalist rhetoric on both sides has restricted the scope for compromise.

All other EU governments oppose Slovenia’s blatant attempt to exploit its membership at the expense of a future entrant. But the EU operates by consensus, so Slovenia is getting away with it.

So, too, is Cyprus – or to be precise, the internationally recognised Greek Cypriot government of the divided island. The Greek Cypriots are obstructing Turkey’s accession talks, partly because they have always been hostile to Turkish membership, but also because they hope to gain leverage in their negotiations with the Turkish Cypriots over a settlement for Cyprus.

What is more, they know that Ms Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy, France’s president, oppose full Turkish membership of the EU.

In defence of their behaviour, the Greek Cypriots can point to the presence of 30,000 Turkish troops in the island’s Turkish Cypriot north. By contrast, no military logic underpins Greece’s refusal to let the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia’s aspirations make progress.

The country has been an official EU candidate since 2005. But Greece objects to its neighbour’s use of the word “Macedonia” in its name. It says this implies a threat to Greece’s territorial integrity, cultural heritage and national identity.

Athens has prevented the start of Macedonia’s talks by not giving the green light for the European Commission to express an opinion on the country’s readiness for membership. But the blame does not entirely rest with the Greeks, as is illustrated by a bizarre episode involving, of all people, Alexander the Great. Macedonia’s leaders have renamed the section of a main north-south trans-European highway that passes through their country after Alexander. It is a way of claiming the renowned ancient Macedonian leader as a hero with links to their modern state, with its Slav Macedonian majority. When this news reached Brussels, EU officials despaired. Nothing was more certain to harden Greek attitudes.

Bosnia-Herzegovina’s EU hopes are being damaged by the narrow-minded rivalries of its nationalist political leaders. But in Serbia’s case, it is the Dutch government that is blocking the path to the EU. The Dutch want Belgrade to hand over Ratko Mladic, the fugitive Bosnian Serb general accused of war crimes in the 1990s, to the United Nations tribunal in The Hague.

Other EU governments think the Serbs have co-operated closely enough with the tribunal to deserve full implementation of its stabilisation and association agreement, a milestone towards EU entry that Serbia signed with the bloc last April. But once again, the EU’s consensus rule means that nothing will happen unless the Dutch, or the other 26, budge.

The history of EU enlargement shows that, when economic conditions in Europe falter, public and political support for embracing new countries goes down. Never since 1945 have conditions been as precarious as they are now.

But the EU must summon the courage to resolve the disputes blocking enlargement. The Balkans and Turkey are politically fragile, economically vulnerable but strategically important parts of Europe. If they receive the message they are unwanted, the price the EU will pay will be all the greater.

Czech MPs oust government over economy

The Czech government collapsed on Tuesday night after losing a vote of confidence over its handling of the economic crisis.

The 101-96 vote marks the end of the coalition government of Mirek Topolanek, the centre-right prime minister, as well as the effective conclusion of the already bumpy and crisis-ridden Czech presidency of the European Union, which formally expires on June 30. The vote comes ahead of a visit to Prague next month by Barack Obama, US president.

“How can a government which has no support in the country be able to lead the European Union?” said Jiri Pehe, a Prague-based political scientist.

Mr Topolanek said he planned to resign after returning from a trip to Brussels. Jiri Paroubek, the leader of the opposition Social Democrats, has said that he will push for fresh elections only after the Czech Republic’s current presidency of the European Union expires.

The EU tried to put the best face possible on the embarrassing failure of the government leading the Union, issuing a statement that said: “It is for the Czech Republic’s democratic process under the constitution to resolve the domestic political issues; the Commission is confident that this is done in a way which ensures the full functioning of the council presidency.”

The unexpected fall of Mr Topolanek’s government adds strength to the French argument that the presidency of a 27-member union that forms the world’s largest economy is unsuited for smaller and ill-prepared countries.

Mr Topolanek, facing the fifth vote of confidence in his third year as prime minister, was unable to win over enough independent MPs to save his government.

The initiative now passes to Vaclav Klaus, the euro-sceptic Czech president, who will have to name a caretaker administration to govern the country. If three attempts to form a new government fail, then new elections are called.

The difficulty in forcing new elections raises the possibility that a technocratic government will limp along in power until the next election, set for June 2010.

The opposition Social Democrats currently lead Mr Topolanek’s Civic Democrats (ODS) in opinion polls.

That would leave Prague ill-prepared to deal with the fall-out from the economic downturn, which is hitting the export-orientated Czech economy with increasing force. In a recent interview with the Financial Times, Zdenek Tuma, the governor of the Czech central bank, said the economy could shrink by as much as 2 per cent this year if the situation did not improve in western Europe.

Mr Topolanek had resisted calls to increase spending, arguing that the government did not have the wherewithal to bail the country out of the recession. However, that approach was unpopular with the left-leaning Social Democrats, and helped galvanise opposition.

The final straw was a domestic political scandal relating to accusations of inappropriate pressure to force a television station to stop a story criticising an opposition MP who had joined the government side.

It was a huge embarrassment for Mirek Topolanek, the Czech prime minister, just halfway through the country’s presidency of the European Union and ahead of a visit next month by Barack Obama, the US president, to Prague.

Mr Topolanek said he would resign after returning from a trip to Brussels.

The European Commission said it believed the Czech Republic could continue to hold and run the rotating EU presidency. Its term – which has been bumpy and beset by various crises – is due to finish in June. “It is for the Czech Republic’s democratic process under the constitution to resolve the domestic political issues; the Commission is confident that this will be done in a way which ensures the full functioning of the Council presidency,” the office of José Manuel Barroso, Commission president, said.

The timing is unfortunate given that there is significant legislation in the pipeline in Brussels – some in response to the financial and economic crisis.

Officials would like to see texts finalised in negotiations between member states and lawmakers before the European parliament breaks up for elections in June, and the presidency often plays a key role in this process.

The government fell after the Social Democratic opposition managed to galvanise support over the government’s management of the economic crisis.

The collapse came days after Ferenc Gyurcsany, Hungary’s prime minister, tendered his resignation over his government’s handling of the financial crisis.

The Czech government lost the vote by 101-96 in the 200-member parliament. Mr Topolanek has seen a steady ebbing of his parliamentary support since coming to power in 2006 following elections that resulted in a hung parliament. He could only count on the support of 96 MPs and was unable to rally rebel members of the Green party, a minority member of the governing coalition.

Jiri Paroubek, the leader of the opposition Social Democrats, has said that he will only push for fresh elections after the Czech Republic’s presidency of the EU expires.

Vaclav Klaus, the country’s eurosceptic president, now holds the balance of power and will get to name a new government leader.

The Czech Republic has seen a rapid deterioration of its export-dependent economy, with the central bank governor recently predicting that the economy could shrink by as much as 2 per cent this year.

Mr Topolanek had survived four previous motions of no confidence in his government.

Tuesday, March 24, 2009

Rising inflation: What does it mean for you?

Published: March 24 2009 12:08 | Last updated: March 24 2009 12:08

Inflation staged a surprise rise in February for the first time in five months. Prices, as measured by the consumer price index, rose to 3.2 per cent in the year to last month, up from 3 per cent in January.

However, another measure, the retail price index, which includes housing costs showed that inflation had fallen to zero.

So are prices still rising or not?

The price of consumer goods is still rising faster than the Bank of England’s 2 per cent target. There was a sharp rise in food prices in February, while fuel prices also increased after a sustained period of sharp falls.

Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, said the price rises came as a result of the sharp depreciation in the value of sterling. A weaker exchange rate means cheaper international commodities such as oil and food are not being fully passed on to British retail prices.

The RPI is falling faster because of the recent sharp drop in mortgage costs.

I thought we were heading for a period of deflation?

Economists still expect consumer prices to fall in the coming months. IHS Global Insight said there would be greater pressure on retailers to price competitively as consumer spending waned and believed companies would see their pricing power diminished. Also, oil and commodity prices are likely to fall sharply. Howard Archer, chief European and UK economist at IHS, said these factors should outweigh the inflationary impact of sterling’s marked depreciation.

What does this mean for my savings and investments?

With interest rates close to zero, rising inflation means many savers could see a negtive return on their savings.

In order to offset the effect of taxation and inflation, basic rate taxpayers now need to earn 4 per cent on their cash in order to preserve the spending power of their money. Higher rate taxpayers need to achieve 5.33 per cent.

But after six consecutive rate cuts from the Bank of England, banks and building societies have trimmed back their interest rates, and the majority now pay out less than 1 per cent to savers.

The best cash rates on the market are currently 4.18 per cent for a two year bond from ICICI, available only to those with at least £1,000 to invest.

Savers have been advised to use their £3,600 tax free Isa allowance before the end of the tax year on 5 April. Average rates for cash Isas have risen in the last few weeks as providers compete for money. Savers with Leeds Building Society can earn a fixed rate of 3.5 per cent of their money provided they leave it untouched for five years, according to Moneynet.co.uk.

But if inflation falls in coming months people relying on cash savings, such as pensioners, could see their income go further.

Does inflation mean mortgage rates will start rising?

Possibly. If the inflationary figures turn out to be a one month aberration, then mortgage rates are expected to continue to fall. But if not, then we might have seen the bottom of the mortgage market. However rates are not likely to rise fast any time soon as there is still a significant risk of an extended recession.

“It’s very difficult for home owners to get it right,” said Ray Boulger at John Charcol, the broker. “The big unknowns of how far interest rates will come up by in the future, and when this will happen, mean borrowers may get comfortable paying low rates and have a shock when rates start to rise again.”

Brokers recommend fixing mortgage rates now rather than hoping for further rate cuts and opting for longer-term rather than two-year deals. Five-year deals may be slightly more expensive but customers who fix for two years risk coming out of a deal at a time when interest rates are rising again.

Abbey and HSBC offer five-year deals below 4 per cent for those looking for a maximum loan of £250,000 and Accord Mortgages, a subsidiary of Yorkshire Building Society, has a five-year fixed rate of 4.29 per cent for loans of up to £750,000. However this is available only to those borrowers looking for a loan worth 60 per cent of the value of their property.

Am I now more likely to get a pay rise?

IHS Global Insight said pay awards tended to be linked to retail price inflation so the flat year-on-year level would maintain the downward pressure on wages. “As a result, many workers are likely to wage freezes or even pay cuts,” said the group.

Monday, March 23, 2009

Power Up

Rana Foroohar

What's called a 'global' recession is in fact shrinking economies mainly in the West, not the East.


As Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao informed the world recently, he's a "little bit worried." Not about China, mind you, but about the United States. "We have loaned huge amounts of money to the U.S., so of course we have to be concerned," said Wen earlier this month, warning America to "honor its word" and "ensure the safety of Chinese assets." Translation: Those guys on Wall Street really screwed up. We think the dollar might tank and erase the value of our $2 trillion in T-bills. Get your act together.

It's a stunning turnabout from even a year ago, when such warnings were almost always issued by rich nations, like the U.S., to poorer ones. But a lot has changed in recent years and recent days. Emerging giants like China are stronger, more economically competent and vastly richer. Their confidence has only increased amid a calamity that is widely described as the worst "global" recession in 70 years, but is in fact not truly global. It is shrinking the richest economies, but only slowing the emerging giants. This year GDP is expected to contract by 3 percent in the U.S. and Europe, and by close to 6 percent in Japan, while continuing to expand in China and India by 7 and 5 percent, respectively.

That growth gap is destined to reshape the economic future of the world. Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim O'Neill now predicts that the major emerging markets—Brazil, Russia, India and China, a.k.a. the BRICs—could overtake the combined GDP of the G7 nations by 2027, nearly a decade sooner than the forecast in a landmark study a few years back. The ascent of the formerly poor giants is accelerating, and their confidence is evident not only in the utterances of Wen Jiabao. Manmohan Singh of India has blamed the "massive failure" on authorities in "developed societies," but his peers all name America by name. Vladimir Putin of Russia scorns "the irresponsibility of the system that claims leadership." Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil, in an interview with NEWSWEEK (following story), says the U.S. bears the brunt of responsibility for the crisis, and for fixing it at the upcoming G20 summit in London.

Power is not only shifting toward the BRICs, but among them as well. For all their outspokenness, Brazil and Russia have been hit much harder by the crisis than India and China. Dependent on sales of commodities that are shrinking rapidly in price, Russia's economy has fallen off a cliff, and could shrink 3 percent this year. Brazil will likely stagnate. Their recoveries could be slow and painful, too. Goldman Sachs projections for the period from 2011 to 2050 show Russia growing at just 2.8 percent, Brazil at 4.3 percent, China at 5.2 and India at 6.3. If those figures turn out to be correct, three of the top four economies in the world—China, the U.S., India and Japan, in that order—would be Asian within the next two decades. The Asian Century is almost here.

The markets seem to know it. While the S&P 500, down about 45 percent last year, has plummeted another 15 percent since the start of 2009, the Shanghai Composite Index is up by 20 percent, continuing a rally that began in November.

The grim consumer outlook, unemployment paranoia and general siege mentality that's taken hold in the West is also largely absent in Asia. In China and India, sales of cars, white goods and many other types of consumer products are still rising, in large part because of the strong and swift stimulus measures taken by these nations, which have clearly learned a lot about macroeconomic policymaking since the 1990s. Capital goods and machinery are showing double-digit growth in India, and cement sales in China have suddenly risen, now that it's getting warm enough to build. Russia once again is the outlier: consumer spending there is still down sharply.

Americans are ceding the role of world's most resilient shoppers to the Chinese and Indians. Chinese bank lending this past December was up 1,000 percent over the same period last year, as the government lowered interest rates, reigniting the real-estate market. "That's opening up a whole new, broader base of local people in China who can now afford apartments—and believe me, the demand is there," says Michael Klibaner, head of China research for the real-estate marketresearch firm Jones Lang LaSalle.

The big question for China has been whether it can forge an economy that depends not on exports to the West, but on consumption. Klibaner says it's happening, because the strongest real-estate growth now is not in big cities that cater to exporters but in smaller ones geared toward the domestic market. That follows the trend in Brazil, where the middle class is the largest segment of the population, and also in India. "Consumer spending is 60 percent of GDP in India," says Global Insight chief economist Nariman Behravesh. "That's a key reason why the economy hasn't been hit harder in this downturn."

None of this means that BRIC consumers will save a world in financial crisis. Their purchasing power is still far too weak compared with rich nations like the U.S. and Japan. Yet as their economies grow, so will the power of their wallets. Sooner rather than later, consumers in the BRIC nations will dictate the R&D investments of major corporations, the travel routes of airlines and the marketing campaigns of multinationals.

The BRICs are better positioned to recover than their richer peers. Broadly speaking, better control of inflation, lower deficits, increasing productivity, richer social programs and greater political stability have given the emerging giants greater room for error at a time when the macro-economic environment in rich countries has been deteriorating. Even Brazil and hard-hit Russia have used raw-materials windfalls (oil and gas for Russia, soybeans and iron ore for Brazil) to build a buffer for the downturn—Russia has spent more than $300 billion defending the ruble, and still has that much in reserve. Brazil's $208 billion reserve remains almost untouched.

What's more, the BRICs have learned from our follies. Strong regulatory oversight allowed the Indian and Chinese financial sectors to emerge relatively unscathed from the credit crisis. Through the first half of 2008 (the most recent available data), Chinese banks were acquiring foreign rivals and increasing their share of global financial markets. If that continues, a Deutsche Bank report released last week predicts, China will become one of the dominant financial markets in the world by 2018, alongside the U.S. and the EU, with a 13 percent share in global bond markets, 40 percent of equity markets and 18 percent of global banking.

Sooner than that, the Chinese will likely see an uptick in exports. Purchasing-order surveys in China have been up for three months now, notes CLSA economist Andy Rothman, as factory owners in places like the Yangtze River Delta struggle to fill rush jobs for Western clothing chains that panicked and reduced orders too much. Rothman calls it the "Wal-Mart effect", and expects the interest of increasingly thrifty Western consumers in all things cheap to help Chinese exporters rebound. Many others say the "cheap is cool" phenomenon will ultimately buoy all kinds of emerging-market products and services, from Mexican cement makers to Indian telecom providers, that still tend to offer the best prices. When consumers around the world do start buying again, it seems they'll be doing it in the BRIC countries.

Turkey’s Secret Power Brokers

Soner Cagaptay

The Islamists aren't getting rid of Turkey's shady Deep State, but replacing it with one of their own.


Conspiracy theories have been popular in the former Ottoman Empire ever since the 19th century, when Turkey became a pawn in Great Power games. But even by that standard, the current stories swirling around Istanbul and Ankara take the cake. Tales of a sinister "Deep State" (Derin Devlet) have surfaced in a recent court case alleging that underneath Turkey's modern democracy lies a powerful but invisible security and bureaucratic establishment that is plotting to undermine the elected government.

The charges have arisen in a case known as Ergenekon. According to government prosecutors, the Deep State, identified as a group of judges, journalists, union leaders, artists and retired military officers, were plotting a coup against the ruling Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP). The court papers say these secular nationalists were also, implausibly, planning Islamist, Marxist and pro-Kurdish terror attacks—all at the same time. In any other Western society, such incoherent accusations would be dismissed as fantasy. In Turkey, they've gained traction, for the simple reason that the country has long had a dominant security clique. Yet what the current rumors miss is that that power base has been broken up in recent years. Today it's the Islamists who are pulling the strings.

The old Deep State surfaced at various times in Turkey's history, stepping in to remove elected governments that strayed too far from the secular legacy of Kemal Atatürk, modern Turkey's founder. The sometimes corrupt and cozy links built by this establishment came to light most spectacularly in 1996, when an unlikely foursome—a politician, a police chief, a beauty queen and a drug lord—got into a car accident. Only the politician survived, and the ensuing embarrassing press coverage allowed Turkey's increasingly robust middle class to push back against this corrupt elite that had long limited their freedoms.

The Deep State was further weakened by the European Union accession process, which began soon after. In 1999, the EU decided to consider Turkey's candidacy—but only if Ankara improved civil liberties, weakened the military's role in politics and consolidated the country's democracy. Then, in 2002, the AKP came to power. At first it seemed to abandon its Islamist roots and embrace EU accession in order to win liberal support. Many Turkish democrats hoped the AKP would eliminate the Deep State once and for all and threw their support behind the party.

Yet in the seven years since, rather than get rid of the shadowy power brokers, the AKP has used cases like Ergenekon—which seems to have involved a genuine plot to overthrow the government—to attack Turkey's secular judges, media, its military and practically any political opponents. The police have taken more than 100 supposed plotters into custody, including not just underworld figures, but also journalists, military officers, businesspeople, judges and academics. Political opponents of the AKP have been pulled out of bed in the early morning hours, only to be released after three days of harsh police questioning. Unsurprisingly, many of these "suspects" have subsequently become much more docile.

Lest there be any doubt about the absurdity of some of the government's claims, consider: the Ergenekon case is based in part on the testimony of one Tuncay Guney, who claims to be a former Turkish intelligence officer now living in exile in Canada—where he says he's become a Hasidic rabbi. Never mind the fact that the Toronto Jewish community says Guney is neither a rabbi nor even Jewish; his assumed identity fits neatly into the anti-Semitism of Turkey's Islamists, who like to portray Jews as a nefarious influence in their country. Some of the allegations are also wildly contradictory. For example, prosecutors claim that Ergenekon plotters were backed by Washington. Yet they also say they planned to attack NATO installations in Turkey.

The tragedy here is that the AKP is not just using Ergenekon to rid Turkey of the old Deep State, but to intimidate its legitimate opposition ahead of nationwide local elections on March 29. As the last elections suggested, more than half the population still opposes the AKP, but many are now afraid to speak out due to signs that the government is monitoring its enemies. Journalists critical of the government have had embarrassing personal conversations leaked to pro-AKP media, and the police have recorded more than 1.5 million phone calls and e-mails in the Ergenekon case alone.

Such signs suggest that the AKP has replaced the old Deep State with a new one of its own. While still using the ghost of the previous establishment to conduct a witch hunt, now the Islamists are pulling the levers of power. The Deep State may have once functioned to intimidate communists and Islamists, but today it is used against secular, liberal and nationalist Turks in order to crush dissent. Turkey's progressives must be heartbroken. They hoped that political modernization and the AKP would finally rid their state of conspiracy theories and shadowy powers behind the throne. But such a change would have required a liberal party at the country's helm.

Cagaptay is a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and the author of "Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who Is a Turk?"

Opposition fails to impress

The abstract and often populist pledges made by PASOK, the socialist main opposition party, relating to the Greek economy and public safety are a cause of great disappointment.

Under the leadership of George Papandreou, PASOK has so far failed to convince the public that it actually grasps the true magnitude of the problems the country is presently facing.

At the same time, it refuses to make any kind of commitment to the electorate that it would introduce feasible, technocratic solutions if it comes to power.

One argument that is frequently put forward is that the socialists have many experienced politicians that could fill the key government posts, but this alone does not suffice to persuade voters that PASOK is ready to govern.

Greek voters are too mature to be charmed by populist sound bites and groundless promises. After all, recent history has shown that you can exercise opposition without planning and preparation, but you cannot govern without these, particularly at a time of crisis.

TÜSİAD Başkanı: Tehditle istihdam olmaz

İSTANBUL - Türk Sanayici ve İşadamları Derneği (TÜSİAD) Başkanı Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, hükümetin kamuoyuna ‘Dört’üncü paket’ olarak lanse ettiği önlemler için, “İyi oldu, devamını bekliyoruz. Ancak hükümet bu önlemleri daha önce, yani zamanında alsaydı, işsizlik bu kadar tavana vurmazdı. Krizi daha rahat atlatabilirdik” diye konuştu.
Geçen hafta Londra’da Confederation of British Industry’nin (CBI) ev sahipliğinde gerçekleşen G-20 İş Zirvesi’nde, Türk özel sektörünü temsil eden Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, hem toplantıya dönük izlenimlerini anlattı, hem de gündemdeki soruları yanıtladı.

Algıda da gecikildi
Hükümetin açıkladığı son paketi değerlendiren Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, “Hükümet krizi geç algıladı ve önlemlerde geç kaldı” diyerek şunları dile getirdi:
“Son paket doğru ama bu eylülden beri konuşuluyordu. Biz bunu ekimde de yapabilirdik. Otomomotivde, beyaz ve elektronik eşyada (özel tüketim vergisi)?ÖTV indirimi ekimde de yapılabilirdi. KKDF’de (Kaynak Kullanımı Destekleme Fonu) indirim aylardır konuşuluyor. Çok daha önce yapılabilirdi. Benim gördüğüm, hükümet krizi hafife aldı.”

‘Bağışıklığa güvendik’
Krizin hafife alınmasını “Çünkü biz 2001’de bir kriz yaşamıştık. Bağışıklık sistemimiz olduğu için daha atlatacağımızı düşündük” diye açıklayan TÜSİAD?Başkanı Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, sözlerine şöyle devam etti:
“Bu düşünce bizi bugünlere getirdi. Önlemleri daha önce yapabilseydik, bu krizi daha kolay atlatabilir, bu kadar istihdam kaybına neden olmayabilirdik. Başından beri soğuyan çarklarını ekonominin yeniden döndürmek gerekiyor. İç tüketim daralınca üretim olmuyor, üretim olmayınca işten çıkarma oluyor ve iç tüketim daha da daralıyor. Beklenti yönetimi de çok önemli.”

‘Seçim sonrası zor’
29 Mart’tan sonrasına ilişkin beklentilerinin sorulması üzerine, “İç tüketimi yeniden canlandırmak kolay olmayacak” diyen Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, önerilerini şöyle dile getirdi: “İhracat için krizden daha az etkilenen pazarlara gidilebilir. Ayrıca tüketimi artıracak, ekonomiyi canlandıracak adımların devamı gelmeli. Çünkü, hükümetin aldığı son önlemlerin olumlu etkisi olduğu görülüyor ama bunun devamı da önemli.”

‘Enflasyon endişemiz yok’
Hükümetin çıkardığı Ar-Ge Teşvik Yasası’nı 1.5 yıldan bu yana istediklerini hatırlatan Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, şöyle konuştu: “Hükümet bu konuda adım attığında zaten ekonomi daralmaya başlamıştı. Eğer zamanında çıkarılsaydı, dünyada para bolluğu da varken Türkiye daha çok yatırım çekerdi. Kötümser görünmek istemiyorum ama bazı önlemlerin de zamanında alınması gerektiğini de söylemek gerek.”
Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, “TÜSİAD’ın eski başkanlarından Bülent Eczacıbaşı, ‘tabuları tartışalım, parasal genişlemeyi konuşalım’ çağrısı yaptı. Siz buna katılıyor musunuz?” sorusunu şöyle yanıtladı:
“Gelinen noktada artık enflasyon endişesi taşımıyoruz. Öyleyse öncelik ekonominin canlandırılması olmalı. TÜSİAD olarak kontrollü bir mali genişlemeden yanayız. Önemli olan, mali genişlemenin gerçekten ekonomiye katma değer katacak, istihdam kaybını önleyecek şekilde kullanılması.
Yoksa vergiler azalıyor, bir şekilde harcamalar oluyor, maliye politikası bozuluyor, genişliyor ama ekonomiye bir değer sağlamıyorsa bu vahim bir durum.
Biz o nedenle ‘kontrollü’ diyoruz. Gerçi para politikası Merkez Bankası’nın konusu ve o gerekeni yapıyor. Örneğin faizleri indiriyor. Kısacası biz Türkiye’nin geleceğini ipotek altına almayan mali genişlemeden yanayız.”

‘Garanti fonuna sıcak’
Açıklanan destek paketlerine ek olarak bankalarla reel sektör arasındaki kredi akışını kolaylaştırmak için gündeme gelen, kredi garanti fonu konusunda, TÜSİAD’ın yaklaşımının ne olduğu sorusu üzerine Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, “Sıcak bakıyoruz” dedi.
Ancak Yalçındağ şu uyarıları yapmaktan da geri durmadı:
“Böyle bir fon önemli ama nasıl yönetileceği daha da önemli. Özel sektör için de, bankaların risk yönetimleri açısından da önemli. Kurtarılamayacak şirketlere yatırım yapmak, zaten batacak oyan şirkete fon sağlamak emeğin ve paranın heba edilmesi demektir.”

‘Tehditle istihdam olmaz’
Başbakan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın, iş dünyasına yönelik, ‘İşçi çıkarmayın, hesap sorarız’ uyarısını Türkiye İşveren Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (TİSK) Başkanı Tuğrul Kudatgobilik gibi ‘tehdit’ olarak değerlendiren Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, bu yöntemin istihdama katkısı olmayacağını ifade etti. Yalçındağ, şu yorumu yaptı: “İşadamlarının işçi çıkarmak konusunda nasıl davranacakları, tehditle olacak şey değil. Hiçbir işadamı yetişmiş elemanını kaybetmek istemez. Vicdani olarak da bir insanın istediği, öncelikle işçi çıkarma yönünde olmaz.
Ama imkânları daralıyorsa ne yapabilir? Üretim yoksa ne yapsın? İşveren ancak kaçınılmaz noktaya gelince işçi çıkarmayı gündemine alır.” (Radikal)

‘Dünyada korumacılık endişeleri arttı’
Kriz yüzünden dünyada giderek yayılan korumacılık konusundaki bir soru üzerine Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, endişelerini ortaya koyarak, şu değerlendirmeyi yaptı:
“Bu konu Londra’daki G-20 iş dünyası toplantısında da gündeme geldi. Örneğin Sarkozy’nin aksine Fransız işadamları korumacılık konusundaki endişelerini dile getirdi. İngiltere Başbakanı Gordon Brown, korumacılığa karşı çıkan bir konuşma yaptı.
Avrupa ülkelerinin temsilcilerinde ciddi bir endişe var bu konuda. Korumacılık özel sektör için bir tehlike. Kurtarmacı yaklaşımda devletler bankalara sahip oluyor. İşadamları arasında hükümetlerin böyle eğilimleri olacağı ve bütün bunların da ekonomiyi ve dünya ticaretini ve kendi ekonomilerini vuracağı konusunda endişeleri var. Kendi menfaatlerimizi en üstte tutacaksak, dünyada korumacılığın olmaması için uğraşmamız lazım. Şanslıyız ki G-20’deki iş dünyası da bunu istemiyor. Politikacılar istiyor olabilir. Zengin ülkelerde bunu isteyip kısa vadede kar sağlayabilirler ama uzun vadede menfaatlerine olmaz. Politikacılar istese de, iş dünyası kanının son damlasına kadar buna direnmek zorunda.”
Londra’da gündeme gelen konulardan birinin de kurtarılan bankalar olduğunu belirten Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, faturanın reel sektör üzerinden mi alınacağı, vatandaşa mı çıkarılacağı, yoksa hissedarlara mı kesileceği yönündeki sorulara yanıt arandığını aktardı. Bu noktada, Türkiye’nin 2001’de yaşadığı kriz döneminden örnek verdiğini belirten Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, şunları söyledi:
“Türkiye, kriz sonrası el konulan bankaları çok çabuk elden çıkardı. O dönemde dünyada şimdiki gibi bir daralma söz konusu değildi. Bizim bankacılık sistemimizde tüm o piyasada çok küçük bir parçaydı dolayısıyla bankalarımız yabancı ortak bulup ayağa kaldırıldı. Şimdi devletleşen bankalar o kadar büyük boyuttaki bunu hangi güç gelip alabilecek, yeniden özelleşmesini sağlayacak?”

TÜSİAD’ın G-20’ye önerileri
Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, 2 Nisan’da yapılacak G-20 Zirvesi öncesinde 18 Mart’ta Londra’da yapılan toplantıda, TÜSİAD Başkanı olarak dile getirdiği önerileri şöyle özetledi:
* G-20 önemli bir oluşum, bunun kurumsallaşması, krizden sonra devam etmesi dünya ekonomisi için faydalı olacak. Çünkü gelişmekte olan ülkelerin dünya ekonomisine faydaları artacak.
* IMF gibi küresel kurumların sorumluluk çerçeveleri değişebilir. IMF kaynaklarının artırılması doğru bir karar. Bu kaynak krizden çıkmak için gerekli yerlere aktarılmalı.
* Bu dönemde, genişleyici maliye politikalarının sonuna kadar kullanılması önemli. Bu ekonominin canlandırılması, tüketimin artırılması açısından önemli.
TÜSİAD Başkanı Yalçındağ, ikinci bölümü İngiltere Başbakanı Gordon Brown’la yapılan toplantılarda, cevap aranan soruları ise şöyle sıraladı:
* Devletleştirme devam mı edecek?
* Korumacılık kabul görür mü?
* Ekonomi yeniden nasıl canlandırılacak?
* IMF’nin rolü mü genişletilmeli, Dünya Bankası’nın mı?
* Öncelik regülasyon mu, yoksa mali politikalar mı olsun?

‘Verginin denetimi siyasallaşmasın’
Doğan Yayın Holding’e (DYH) yönelik vergi cezasına ilişkin sorular üzerine Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, şunları söyledi:
* İş adamları ekonomi kötü demeye korkuyor. Yani bırakın tenkidi, tespit yapmaya korkuyorlar. Çünkü verginin denetimi Türkiye de siyasallaşmış durumda. Her gittiğim yerde bunu görebiliyorum. Demokrasi, verdiğimiz oyun verdiğimiz güç tarafından hakkaniyetli kullanılmasıdır. Aslında bu emaneti güç gösterisi yapmadan kullanmak doğru olan. Onun için elinde gücü tutanlar hassas ve hakkaniyetli davranmalıdırlar.
* Vergi denetiminin özerkleştirilmesi zaten yapılması gereken çok elzem bir konu. Bugünün sorunu değildir. 2003 yılında TÜSİAD’ın yaptığı bir raporda da zaten anlatmışız. Sadece denetim değil aslında bir reformdur bu.

Conservative leads Macedonia poll

The candidate for Macedonia's ruling conservative party has taken the lead in presidential elections praised for their lack of violence.
But partial results showed Gjorgje Ivanov, of the governing VMRO-DPMNE party, had not win enough votes to avoid a 5 April run-off.
The presidential and local polls were seen as crucial to Macedonia's hopes for joining the EU and Nato.
There was tight security, with thousands of extra police deployed.
The electoral commission said voting went well during the day.
There were no reports of the kind of violence between rival ethnic Albanian parties that marred last June's parliamentary election.
"It seems that everything was in order," said EU envoy Erwan Fouere. "It was a calm and positive atmosphere."
A dispute with Greece over its name has also threatened its EU and Nato bids.
Snow
Partial results showed Mr Ivanov - the candidate of Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski's VMRO-DPMNE party - to be ahead with more than 35% of the vote.
The race for second place was between Ljubomir Frckoski, who is backed by the Social Democratic SDSM, and former Interior Minister Ljube Boskoski, who was acquitted by the UN war crimes tribunal in The Hague last year.

EU envoy to Macedonia
Five other candidates are also running for the largely ceremonial presidency.
Final results were expected later on Monday.
Current President Branko Crvenkovski is not running for a second term.
Heavy snowfall prevented 134 of almost 3,000 polling stations from opening.
But Aleksandar Novakovski, head of the state electoral commission, said the affected polling stations had 12,556 voters registered - less than 1% of the total 1.8 million eligible voters.
It is expected that voting there will be repeated in two weeks.
Local polls were also being held simultaneously to elect mayors for 85 communities.
Name squabble
The three weeks of campaigning passed off mostly peacefully, with a few claims of voter intimidation.
One person was killed and several injured in ethnic Albanian areas of Macedonia during parliamentary elections in June 2008 that monitors said fell short of international standards.
More than 500 international and around 7,000 local observers have been on hand to monitor Sunday's vote.
"So far so good," US Ambassador Philip Reeker said in an initial assessment of the poll.
Mr Fouere said the vote was "the last chance not to miss the train again to EU" membership.
"This is probably the last opportunity for quite some time for the country to show that it has not only the capacity, but also the political will, to organise elections in line with international standards," he said.
Last year, Greece said it would block Macedonia from joining Nato and the EU unless it compromises over its official name.
Macedonia is also the name of a northern region of Greece.
In December 2008, Macedonia decided to take the issue of its name to the International Court of Justice in the Hague.

Hungary’s PM ready to quit

Hungary has been thrown into a new bout of political uncertainty following the the prime minister’s weekend announcement that he will quit.

Ferenc Gyurcsany said he was leaving because disputes about his personal political role was impeding progess on economic reforms vital to the crisis-hit country’s recovery.

His planned departure is likely to be followed by around two weeks of political manouvering as a successor - possibly a non-party technocrat - is found to lead a new govt.

With Hungary facing difficulties managing an IMF rescue programme as it slides deep into recession, investors will be watching closely whether Mr Gyurcsany’s successor can restore political and economic stability.

Mr Gyurcsany is set be eastern Europe’s second political victim of the economic crisis following the resignation last month of Ivars Godmanis, the prime minister of Latvia, which is also receiving IMF aid.

There are also serious concerns about stability in Ukraine, the third state with an IMF rescue.

Mr Gyurcsany, who has led a minority government since the collapse of a Socialist-Liberal coalition a year ago, said parties should find a prime minister who would enjoy broad party support to carry out reforms.

The new prime minister will have at most a year before elections due next spring. Opposition parties say they will not accept a Socialist politician in the role, meaning Mr Gyurcsany’s successor will have to rely on ad hoc dealmaking to pass legislation during a precarious 13-month term in office.

Gabor Ambrus, an economist at 4cast, the London consultancy, said markets were likely to adopt a wait-and-see stance when they open on Monday, but warned that any successor would need a credible economic programme to stop investor flight. He said the Hungarian forint, which has swung between 280 and 320 forints to the euro over the past month, was likely to remain stable while a successor was sought. ”If they choose somebody with a credible programme [...] it doesn’t mean the forint will immediately rise to 280, but at least it might not reach 350ft to the euro.”

Some 85 per cent of consumer loans in Hungary last year were denominated in foreign currencies, which means consumers, who already face declining real incomes, are heavily exposed to falls in the local currency, while banks could see a sharp rise in loan defaults.

Of the candidates who have emerged to succeed Mr Gyurcsany, the biggest hitter is Lajos Bokros, the former finance minister who in the mid-1990s earned plaudits by making deep cuts to state social spending, laying the ground for strong growth during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Though he became the least popular politician in Hungarian history in the aftermath of his ”Bokros package”, the economics professor’s stock has since risen to the extent that opinion polls show cautious enthusiasm for a man with a proven track record.

Fidesz, the largest opposition party, has called for early elections, which are a near certainty if the other parties fail to agree on a successor